Pre-Diabetes - Prevalence and Co-Variates in Rural Delhi
Abstract
Pre-diabetes is a continuum of condition where blood sugar levels lies in a range lesser than that of overt diabetes mellitus but higher than normal range. This study was done to find prevalence of pre-diabetes and its relationship with socio-demographic factors and other behavioural and metabolic risk factors of non communicable diseases in rural areas of Delhi. It was a cross-sectional study conducted in two rural areas in Delhi among 959 subjects aged above 18 years. WHO STEPS approach was used to collect data about socio demographic details. Blood pressure, Body mass index, blood sugar and lipid profile were measured. The overall prevalence of pre diabetes was 3.3%. There was significant difference (p<0.05) in prevalence of pre diabetes in individuals more than 35 years (5.0%) than less than 35 years (1.1%). The proportion of subjects with hypercholesterolemia and raised triglycerides having pre-diabetes were significantly higher than those having normal cholesterol and triglycerides levels (p<0.05).
References
Abraham TM, Fox CS. Implications of rising prediabetes prevalence. Diabetes Care 2013; 36(8): 2139-2141.
Hsueh WA, Orloski L, Wyne K. Prediabetes: the importance of early identification and intervention.
Postgrad Med 2010; 122: 129-143.
Grundy SM. Pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59(7): 635-
Ford ES, Zhao G, Li C. Pre-diabetes and the risk for cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of
the evidence. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55(13): 1310-1317.
Tapp RJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ et al. Albuminuria is evident in the early stages of diabetes onset: results
from the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44: 792-798.
Plantinga LC, Crews DC, Coresh J et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in US adults with undiagnosed
diabetes or prediabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5(4): 673-782.
Ziegler D, Rathmann W, Dickhaus T et al. Prevalence of polyneuropathy in pre-diabetes and diabetes is associated with abdominal obesity and macroangiopathy: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Surveys S2 and S3. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 464-469.
Barr EL, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA et al. Risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes
mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Circulation 2007; 116(2): 151-157.
Mainous AG, Tanner RJ, Baker R et al. Prevalence of prediabetes in England from 2003 to 2011: populationbased, cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2014; 4(6): e005002.
Jayawardena R, Ranasinghe P, Byrne NM et al. Prevalence and trends of the diabetes epidemic in
South Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2012; 12: 380.
Gerstein HC, Santaguida P, Raina P et al. Annual incidence and relative risk of diabetes in people
with various categories of dysglycemia: A systematic overview and meta-analysis of prospective studies.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 78(3): 305-312.
Gillies CL, Abrams KR, Lambert PC et al. Pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay type 2
diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2007;
(7588): 299.
DÃaz-Redondo A, Giráldez-GarcÃa C, Carrillo L et al. Modifiable risk factors associated with prediabetes
in men and women: a cross-sectional analysis of the cohort study in primary health care on the evolution
of patients with prediabetes (PREDAPS-Study). BMC Fam Pract 2015; 16: 5.
Muthunarayanan L, Ramraj B, Russel JK. Prevalence of prediabetes and its associated risk factors among
rural adults in Tamil Nadu. Arch Med Health Sci 2015; 3: 178-184.
Bonita R, deCourten M, Dwyer T et al. Surveillance of risk factors for non-communicable diseases: The WHO
STEPwise approach. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002.
World Health Organization. Guidelines for controlling and monitoring the tobacco epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland. 1998.
Booth GL, Kapral MK, Fung K et al. Relation between age and cardiovascular disease in men and women
with diabetes compared with non-diabetic people: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Lancet
; 368(9542): 29-36.
Misra A, Vikram NK, Gupta R et al. Waist circumference cut-off points and action levels for Asian Indians for
identification of abdominal obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30: 106-111.
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2010;
(Suppl 1):S62–S69.
National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High
Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education
Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults
(Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002; 106(25): 3143-421.
Bullard KM, Saydah SH, Imperatore G et al. Secular changes in U.S. Prediabetes prevalence defined by
hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1999-2010.
Diabetes Care 2013; 36(8): 2286-2293.
Anjana RM, Pradeepa R, Deepa M et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose
and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: phase I results of the Indian Council of
Medical Research-INdia DIABetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Diabetologia 2011; 54(12): 3022-3027.
Okwechime IO, Roberson S, Odoi A. Prevalence and Predictors of Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes among Adults
Years or Older in Florida: A Multinomial Logistic Modelling Approach. PLoS One 2015; 10(12): e0145781.
Dasappa H, Fathima FN, Prabhakar R et al. Prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes and assessments of their
risk factors in urban slums of Bangalore. J Family Med Prim Care 2015; 4(3): 399-404.25. Cullmann M, Hilding A, Östenson CG. Alcohol consumption and risk of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes development in a Swedish population. Diabet Med 2012; 29(4): 441-452.
Suebsamran P, Choenchoopon H, Rojanasaksothorn S et al. Association between Alcohol Consumption and
Pre-Diabetes among 383, 442 Thai Population Aged 15 Years and Older in Ubon Ratchathani: Analytical Cross-
Sectional Study. J Med Assoc Thai 2016; 99(1): S35-S42.
Khambalia A, Phongsavan P, Smith BJ . Prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in Nauru. BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 719.
Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, Gregg EW et al. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in
the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study. Lancet 2008; 371(9626): 1783-1789.
