Alterations in Renal and Hepatic Function Tests in Patients with Leptospirosis: A Clinical Correlation

Abstract

Introduction:
Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic infection caused by Leptospira species, often presenting with a wide clinical spectrum ranging from mild febrile illness to severe multiorgan failure. Hepatic and renal dysfunctions are common complications that significantly influence prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate alterations in renal and hepatic function tests in confirmed leptospirosis cases and correlate them with disease severity.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Medicine at a tertiary care teaching hospital. A total of 100 confirmed leptospirosis patients were enrolled based on clinical features and laboratory confirmation using IgM ELISA, MAT, or PCR. Routine hematological, renal, and hepatic parameters were analyzed. Data were statistically evaluated using SPSS version 26.0, and correlations between biochemical markers and disease severity were assessed.

Results:
The mean age of patients was 38.7 ± 12.4 years, with a male predominance (68%). Renal dysfunction was noted in 58% and hepatic dysfunction in 64% of cases, while 46% had combined hepatorenal involvement. Mean serum creatinine and total bilirubin were significantly higher in patients with severe disease (p < 0.001). A strong positive correlation (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) was observed between serum creatinine and bilirubin levels. The overall mortality rate was 5%, primarily in patients with multiorgan failure.

Conclusion:
Hepatic and renal involvement are common in leptospirosis and correlate strongly with disease severity. Early recognition and timely management of hepatorenal dysfunction can significantly improve patient outcomes.