An Integrated Multi-Agent Frameworks for COVID-19 Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques

Abstract

The SARSCoV-2 virus causes the infectious illness known as coronavirus
disease (COVID-19). In recent decades, COVID-19 has become the most
infectious disease. Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from this
disease. Because of the restricted availability and sensitivity of testing
kits, doctors and researchers have turned to computer tomography
(CT) scans to screen for COVID-19. Recent technological developments
and the widespread use of machine learning (ML) and deep learning
(DL) techniques have shown high potential in terms of more accurate
COVID-19 detection. Therefore, in this paper, we have developed two
multi-agent frameworks for COVID-19 detection using the ML and DL
algorithms. In the first framework, several ML algorithms, namely, KNN,

LR, and SVM, are employed. Further, ensemble learning and hypertun-
ing of the ML algorithms is done using the grid search method. Next,

reinforcement learning method Q learning agent is used to update the
multi-agent framework. On the other hand, the second multi-agent
framework is developed with the help of lightweight ResNet and
reinforcement PPO algorithms. Further, in both frameworks, feature
selection is done using the LRP-ET method to determine the appropriate
features from the dataset. The experimental results are performed on
the Google Colab software for the standard dataset. The dataset is split
into an 80:20 ratio to train and test the frameworks. The evaluation
of both frameworks is done using the various parameters, namely,
accuracy, precision, recall, and F-score. The results show that both
frameworks outperform the existing models. Finally, the comparison
of both frameworks shows that the second framework, which is based
on deep learning, performs superiorly over the first framework, which
is based on ML, due to efficiently handling complex data.

How to cite this article:
Walia R K, Kaur H. An Integrated Multi-Agent
Frameworks for COVID-19 Detection Using
Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques.
J Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):20-32.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202503