Evaluation of Mass Drug Administration through Transmission Assessment Survey in Udupi District of Karnataka, India
Abstract
Annual Mass Drug Administration (MDA) of single dose of antifilarial drugs to all the eligible population was initiated in 2004 in Udupi district, a known endemic district for bancroftian filariasis. Nine rounds were implemented in this Implementation Unit (IU) with drug coverage ranging from 83% to 90% in different MDA rounds and with drug compliance rate of more than 65% in each of the MDA round. The baseline mf prevalence of 1.3% in 2004 was brought down to 0.09% in the year 2013. The impact assessment performed after 9 MDA rounds revealed <1% mf prevalence in each of the sentinel and spot check sites. The mf prevalence was further measured in 10 additional sites, which recorded <1% mf prevalence in all the sites. Having qualified for Transmission Assessment Survey (TAS), school-based survey was conducted in March 2014 in EUvaluation unit (EU) targeting 6 to 7-year children. The number of clusters, sample size, sampling fraction, critical cut off value, clusters and additional clusters to be sampled were estimated using Survey Sample Builder tool. A total of 1579 children from 53 clusters were screened against the target of 1553 and 5 were found positive for filaria antigen (0.3%) against the critical cut off value of 18 and hence the decision of stoppage of further rounds of MDA was taken. The “Post MDA Surveillance†was implemented in the EU, wherein the mf prevalence among 5-9-year age group in sentinel and spot check sites was measured annually for two years. The mf prevalence of such surveys was less than 1%. The second TAS conducted in 2016 after a gap of 2.4 years has shown presence of 0.6% filarial antigenemia thus passing the second TAS also.
How to cite this article:
Srivastava PK, Dhariwal AC, Kumar BGP, Ashok H, Usha A, Hoti SL. Evaluation of Mass Drug Administration through Transmission Assessment Survey in Udupi District of Karnataka, India. J Commun Dis 2019; 51(4): 21-28.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.201933
References
National Health Policy. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi. 2002: 1-39.
World Health Assembly. 50.29: Elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. Resolutions
and Decisions. 1997: 27-8. Available from: who.int/lymphatic_filariasis/resources/WHA_50%2029.pdf.
World Health Organization. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: monitoring
and epidemiological assessment of mass drug administration-TAS. 2011. WHO/HTM/NTD/PCT/2011.4.
WHO Fact sheet on Lymphatic Filariasis. 2016. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/
fs102/en/.
Dreyer G, Coelho G. Lymphatic Filariasis: a potentially eradicable disease. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 1997;
(3): 537-543. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X19
&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
World Health Organization. Lymphatic filariasis: progress of disability prevention activities. Wkly
Epidemiol Rec 2004; 79(47): 417-424. Available from: https://www.who.int/lymphatic_filariasis/resources/
who_wer7947/en/ [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
World Health Organization. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Progress report 2000-
and Strategic plan 2010-2020. WHO/HTM/NTD/PCT/2010.6. Available from: https://www.who.int/
lymphatic_filariasis/elimination-programme/en/.
Srivastava PK, Dhillon GP. Elimination of lymphatic filariasis in India - a successful endeavor. J Indian Med
Assoc 2008; 106(10): 673-674, 676-677. [PubMed/ Google Scholar/ ResearchGate].
World Health Organization. Preparing and implementing a national plan to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (in areas where onchocerciasis is not co-endemic). 2000; WHO/CDS/CPE/CEE/2000.15.
World Health Organization. Monitoring and epidemiological assessment of the programme to
eliminate lymphatic filariasis at implementation unit level. 2005; WHO/CDS/CPE/CEE/2005.50.
Weil GJ, Ramzy RMR. Diagnostic tools for filariasis elimination programs. Trends Parasitol 2006; 23(2):
-82. [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Helmy H, Weil GJ, Ellethy AS, Ahmed ES, Setouhy ME, Ramzy RM. Bancroftian filariasis: effect of repeated
treatment with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on microfilaremia, antigenemia and antifilarial antibodies.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100(7): 656-662. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/
article-abstract/100/7/656/1885493?redirectedFrom=fulltext [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Swaminathan S, Perumal V, Adinarayanan S, Kaliannagounder K, Rengachari R, Purushothaman J.
Epidemiological assessment of eight rounds of mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis in India:
implications for monitoring and evaluation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6(11): e1926. Available from: https://
journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001926 [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
World Health Organization. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: monitoring
and epidemiological assessment of mass drug administration. A manual for national elimination
programmes. Geneva, Switzerland. 2011. Report No.: WHO/HTM/NTD/PCT/2011.4.
Unpublished data of independent survey carried out by Medical colleges to study drug compliance after
NDA in Udupi district.
Cantey PT, Rao G, Rout J. Predictors of compliance with a mass drug administration programme for lymphatic
filariasis in Orissa State, India 2008. Trop Med Int Health 2010; 15(2): 224-231. Available from: https://
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02443.x [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Lahariya C, Mishra A. Strengthening of mass drug administration implementation is required to eliminate
lymphatic filariasis from India: an evaluation study. J Vector Borne Dis 2008; 45(4): 313-320. Available from:
http://www.mrcindia.org/journal/issues/454313.pdf [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Mukhopadhyay AK, Patnaik SK, Satya Babu P, Rao KN. Knowledge on lymphatic filariasis and mass drug
administration (MDA) programme in filaria endemic districts of Andhra Pradesh. J Vector Borne Dis 2008;
(1): 73-75. Available from: http://www.mrcindia.org/journal/issues/451073.pdf [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Aswathy S, Beteena K, Leelamoni K. Mass drug administration against filariasis in India: perceptions
and practices in a rural community in Kerala. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2009; 103(7): 617-624. Available from:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/000349809X12459740922255 [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Jambulingam P, Swaminathan S, de Vlas SJ, Vinubala C, Stolk WA. Mathematical modelling of lymphatic filariasis elimination programs in India: required duration of mass drug administration and post-treatment level
of infection indicators. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9(1):501. Available from: https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-016-1768-y [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Tisch D, Michael E, Kazura JW. Mass chemotherapy options to control lymphatic filariasis: systematic
review. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5(8): 514-523. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/
article/PIIS1473-3099(05)70192-4/fulltext [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Burkot T, Ichimori K. The PacELF programme: will mass drug administration be enough? Trends Parasitol 2002; 18(3): 109-115. Available from: https://europepmc.org/article/med/11854087 [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Duerr HP, Dietz K, Eichner M. Determinants of the eradicability of filarial infections: a conceptual approach.
Trends Parasitol 2005; 21(2): 88-96. [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Kyelem D, Biswas G, Bockarie MJ, Bradley MH, El- Setouhy M, Fischer PU et al. Determinants of
success in national programs to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: a perspective identifying essential elements
and research needs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 79(4): 480-484. Available from: http://www.ajtmh.
org/docserver/fulltext/14761645/79/4/0790480.pdf?expires=1579771771&id=id&accname=guest&
checksum=FC3BBBB174FCD906ADF1EB7F8BB1CA2C [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Boyd A, Won KY, McClintock SK, Donovan CV, Laney SJ, Williams SA et al. A community-based study of factors
associated with continuing transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Leogane, Haiti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;
(3): e640. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000640
[PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Chu BK, Deming M, Biritwum NK, Bougma WR, Dorkenoo AM, El-Setouhy M et al. Transmission assessment
surveys (TAS) to define endpoints for lymphatic filariasis mass drug administration: a multicenter evaluation.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7(12): e2584. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/
journal.pntd.0002584 [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Farid HA, Morsy ZS, Helmy H et al. A critical appraisal of molecular xenomonitoring as a tool for assessing
progress toward elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007; 77(4): 593-600. http://www.ajtmh.
org/docserver/fulltext/14761645/77/4/0770593.pdf?expires=1579772483&id=id&accname= g u e s t & c h e c k s u m = D 9 2 4 A F E 9 0 7 B A 6 7 F B 03CD9C2D301CE88C [PubMed/ Google Scholar]
Fischer P, Erickson SM, Fischer K et al. Persistence of Brugia malayi DNA in vector and non-vector mosquitoes: implications for xenomonitoring and transmission monitoring of lymphatic filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007; 76(3): 502-507. Available from: http://www.ajtmh. org/docserver/fulltext/14761645/76/3/0760502.
pdf?expires=1579772425&id=id&accname=g u e s t & c h e c k s u m = 6 E 0 A 5 F 9 8 9 4 C 1 C 6 3 9 B 4
E0FFB59628D500 [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Irish SR, Moore SJ, Derua YA, Bruce J, Cameron MM. Evaluation of gravid traps for the collection of Culex
quinquefasciatus, a vector of lymphatic filariasis in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107(1): 15-
Available from: https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-abstract/107/1/15/1901899?redirectedFrom=
fulltext [PubMed/ Google Scholar].
Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
