Epidemiology of Cholera: Patterns, Risk Factors, and Global Health Implications

Abstract

Cholera remains a significant global health challenge, especially in regions with poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure. This paper examines cholera outbreaks' epidemiological patterns, risk factors, and global health implications. The paper showed through studies from high-burden countries from Asia, Africa, and the Americas the complex interplay of socioeconomic, environmental, and public health factors that contribute to the persistence of cholera in endemic regions. The primary risk factors for cholera transmission include contaminated water sources, poor sanitation, overcrowded living conditions, inadequate hygiene practices, and malnutrition. Additionally, displacement due to conflict or natural disasters further exacerbates the spread of the disease. This paper emphasizes the critical role of improving WASH infrastructure, enhancing healthcare access, and strengthening surveillance systems in cholera control. Also, there is the need for collaborative efforts between governments, international organizations, and local communities are essential to reducing the global burden of cholera and achieving the Global Task Force on Cholera Control's (GTFCC) goal of ending cholera by 2030. Therefore, effective public health interventions must prioritize vulnerable populations and integrate tailored strategies to prevent and respond to cholera outbreaks.