Antimicrobial Resistance in Infectious Pathogens: Diagnostic Approaches and Public Health Strategies

Sylvester Chibueze  Izah; Carmilla  Ijeoma Udensi; Esther  Nsikak Etim; Prisca  Chinemerem Madu; Akanimo  Edem Asuquo

Sylvester Chibueze Izah Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Carmilla Ijeoma Udensi Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
Esther Nsikak Etim Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Prisca Chinemerem Madu Global Health and Infectious Disease Institute, Nassarawa State University Keffi, Nigeria.
Akanimo Edem Asuquo Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Infectious pathogens, Diagnostic approaches, Public health strategies, Surveillance, One Health framework

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical threat to global health, defined as the reduced effectiveness of medications in treating infections. Its significance is underscored by the substantial public health burden it creates, with implications for treatment outcomes and healthcare systems worldwide. This paper explores the mechanisms driving AMR, highlighting genetic and environmental factors that contribute to resistance, particularly in critical pathogens such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The paper found various diagnostic approaches for detecting AMR, from conventional culture-based techniques to innovative molecular diagnostics and next-generation sequencing, detailing their strengths and limitations. Effective public health strategies are crucial for combating AMR, including infection control measures, antimicrobial stewardship programs, and promoting vaccination, sanitation, and hygiene practices. Furthermore, the role of international policies, such as the WHO's Global Action Plan, is emphasized. In addition, public health education and community engagement are essential for fostering awareness and responsible antibiotic use. The paper heighted future research directions, highlighting the advances in diagnostic tools and emerging therapeutic approaches, such as phage therapy and CRISPR-based technologies. Ultimately, a One Health framework that integrates human, animal, and environmental health perspectives is vital for effectively addressing the challenges of AMR and safeguarding public health.

How to cite this article:
Udensi C I, Etim E N, Izah S C, Prisca C M, Asuquo
A E. Antimicrobial Resistance in Infectious
Pathogens: Diagnostic Approaches and Public
Health Strategies. J Adv Res Med 2024; 11(3):
4-19.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2349.7181.202408

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