Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine (E-ISSN: 2349-7181 & P-ISSN: 2394-7047)

Analysing the Functional Impairments among Postpartum Women after Childbirth by Using the Barkin Index Maternal Functioning Assessment Scale

Janani Arul — 2026-09-19

Introduction: Postpartum physical issues are often dismissed as temporary or minor; however, they significantly affect emotional and functional health, leading to a decline in women’s quality of life due to persistent and escalating health problems.

Aim: To compare functional impairments experienced by postpartum women following vaginal delivery and cesarean section, using the Barkin Index of Maternal Functioning (BIMF).

Methods: This observational study recruited 114 postpartum women (62 vaginal delivery, 52 cesarean section) from NR Colony Government Maternity Hospital and Motherhood Hospital, Bangalore, based on pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Functional impairment was assessed using the self-reported BIMF questionnaire. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test (SPSS v29.0.1), with p smaller than 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results: Mothers who underwent cesarean section showed significantly greater functional impairment than those with vaginal delivery across nearly all BIMF domains (t equal to 2.24 to 6.40, p smaller than 0.05), with the strongest differences seen in feeding comfort and mother–infant interaction (p smaller than 0.001). Overall, 65.4% of cesarean-delivery mothers had a BIMF score below 80 (indicating functional impairment), compared to 14.5% of vaginal-delivery mothers. These findings suggest cesarean delivery is associated with greater postpartum functional impairment, highlighting the need for tailored, delivery-mode-specific recovery interventions.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2349.7181.202606

How to cite this article:
Arul J, Mariappan A. Functional Impairments Among Postpartum Women After Childbirth: A Study Using the Barkin Index of Maternal Functioning. J Adv Res Med 2026; 13(3): 1-8.

Indigenous and Botanically Derived Larvicides for Mosquito Vector Control in Nepal: A Review

Ramesh Bahadur Thapa — 2026-09-19

Mosquito-borne diseases remain an important public-health challenge in Nepal, particularly because of the country's diverse ecological zones, rapid urbanisation, population movement, climatic variability and changing distribution of mosquito vectors. Dengue has emerged as a major vector-borne disease in Nepal, with Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus serving as important vectors. Malaria continues to require surveillance and vector-control measures, particularly in the Terai, foothills and other vulnerable ecological settings, where Anopheles fluviatilis, Anopheles annularis and Anopheles maculatus complex mosquitoes are epidemiologically relevant. Conventional chemical insecticides remain important components of vector control, but prolonged and intensive use may contribute to insecticide resistance and environmental concerns. Consequently, plant-derived products and biological larvicides have attracted increasing attention as complementary approaches to integrated vector management. The original manuscript reviewed numerous botanical extracts against mosquito larvae, including Aedes, Anopheles and Culex species. This review reframes that evidence for the Nepalese context and examines the potential application of botanically derived larvicides against mosquito vectors relevant to Nepal. Particular attention is given to plant-derived essential oils, extracts and phytochemicals, including Azadirachta indica, Zanthoxylum armatum, Cinnamomum species and other botanicals with demonstrated insecticidal or larvicidal properties. Evidence from Nepal has demonstrated mosquito-related insecticidal activity of selected Cinnamomum essential oils, while recent Nepalese research has also investigated biological larval control using native Bacillus thuringiensis. Botanical larvicides may provide an environmentally compatible complementary strategy, but their field effectiveness, standardisation, toxicity to non-target organisms, formulation stability and cost-effectiveness require further evaluation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2349.7181.202607

How to cite this article:
Thapa R B, Shrestha P. Indigenous and Botanically Derived Larvicides for Mosquito Vector Control In Nepal: A Review. J Adv Res Med 2026; 13(3): 9-14.

Forensic Science Interventions in Wildlife Mediated Zoonotic Outbreaks: A Systematic Review

Abhishek Prasad — 2026-09-19

All over the world, millions of people are suffering from the repeated emergence of zoonotic diseases. The latest pandemic of Covid19 also emerged from wild animals and was transmitted via an intermediate animal host to humans. Possibilities of the intentional use of zoonoses as bioweapons cannot be ignored and it poses a threat to global bio-safety and biosecurity. This review discusses the nature and types of zoonotic diseases and the link to human activities of wildlife poaching and trafficking. It is estimated that about billions of currencies are spent by nations annually due to these diseases and millions of people dye as a consequence of zoonotic diseases. In this article, we reviewed on the past and present zoonotic diseases and transmission through natural, accidental and deliberate modes. This review addresses the impact of human vs. wildlife conflict in emerging zoonotic diseases, focusing on bioterrorism activities. The objective of the present review was to highlight the significance of advanced forensic science technologies for the detection and prevention of the future zoonotic outbreaks of the suspected bio crimes and wildlife crimes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2349.7181.202608

How to cite this article:
Sinha P, Prasad A. Forensic Science Interventions in Wildlife Mediated Zoonotic Outbreaks: A Systematic Review. J Adv Res Med 2026; 13(3): 15-23.

Kidney-Related Diseases: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches

Soumita Mukherjee — 2026-09-19

Kidney-related diseases constitute an increasingly important global health challenge because of their high prevalence, progressive nature, association with cardiovascular morbidity, and substantial requirement for long-term renal replacement therapy. Kidney disorders encompass a broad spectrum of conditions, including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, glomerular disorders, tubulointerstitial diseases, diabetic kidney disease, hypertensive kidney disease, hereditary disorders, obstructive uropathies and kidney failure. Chronic kidney disease is particularly important because it may remain clinically silent during its early stages and is frequently identified only after substantial loss of kidney function. Recent global estimates indicate that approximately 788 million adults were living with chronic kidney disease in 2023, demonstrating the considerable and increasing worldwide burden of this condition. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension remain major contributors to chronic kidney disease, while cardiovascular disease, obesity, ageing, genetic disorders, infections, autoimmune diseases, nephrotoxic exposure and previous acute kidney injury may also contribute to renal impairment. Diagnosis relies principally on assessment of estimated glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin excretion, supplemented by imaging, serological investigations and kidney biopsy when clinically indicated. Management has evolved substantially from conventional renin-angiotensin system blockade and risk-factor modification toward comprehensive cardiorenal protection involving sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and individualized risk-based treatment. Recent evidence has demonstrated renal and cardiovascular benefits of dapagliflozin, empagliflozin and finerenone in appropriate populations. This review discusses the major categories of kidney-related diseases, their pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic strategies, preventive measures and emerging directions in nephrology. Greater emphasis on early detection, integrated cardiorenal care, equitable access to treatment and implementation of evidence-based guidelines is essential for reducing the global burden of kidney disease.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2349.7181.202609

How to cite this article:
Mukherjee S, Banerjee D, Sengupta R. Kidney-Related Diseases: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches. J Adv Res Med 2026; 13(3): 24-31.

Prevalence and Associated Economic Losses of Fasciolosis Isolated from the Liver of Meat Cattle at Municipal Abattoirs in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abayeneh Girma — 2026-09-19

Fasciolosis is a prevalent disease that significantly impairs the health and productivity of cattle and causes significant economic damage. Beyond the individually available studies with varying prevalence rates, there are no pooled national prevalence studies on bovine fasciolosis. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to determine the pooled magnitude and economic significance of fasciolosis among cattle in postmortem examination. Cochrane’s Q, inverse variance (I²), sensitivity analysis, funnel plots, Begg’s test, and Egger’s regression test were used to assess heterogeneity and publication bias. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled burden of fasciolosis among cattle. The pooled prevalence of fasciolosis among cattle in postmortem examination was 31.77% (95% CI=27.82–35.71). Among a total of 14965 livers of slaughtered cattle examined in municipal abattoirs, Fasciola hepatica (54.4%) was the predominant fluke identified compared to F. gigantica (24.6%). Mixed infections by both species and unidentified immature flukes were detected in 12.4% and 7.6%, respectively, of the affected livers. Concerning the severity of the pathological lesions observed, 30.5%, 44.3%, and 25.2% of the livers were lightly, moderately, and seriously infested, respectively. The total annual economic significance of fasciolosis among cattle from 40 reported studies was approximately 40,833,983.15 ETB (6,417, 847.73 USD). Therefore, bovine fasciolosis requires integrated control methods to address its influence on animal health and economic impact.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2349.7181.202610

How to cite this article:
Girma A, Teshome K, Abdu I, Genet A, Tamir D.
Prevalence and Associated Economic Losses of
Fasciolosis Isolated from the Liver of Meat Cattle
at Municipal Abattoirs in Ethiopia: A Systematic
Review and Meta-Analysis. J Adv Res Med 2026;
13(3): 32-45.