Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138)

Editorial Board

2026-09-30T20:52:50+00:00

A Conception and Application of Biosafety Strategies in Daily Life for Preventing Communicable Diseases among Senior Secondary Students: A Cross-Sectional KAP Study in Dehradun District

2026-09-30T20:52:50+00:00

Background and Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic expanded biosafety beyond laboratory settings and highlighted its importance in routine life for preventing communicable diseases. As adolescents develop
greater responsibility for their own health practices, this study assessed senior secondary students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding daily-life biosafety preventive strategies to promote biosafety
as an essential life skill.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used, with a validated, structured questionnaire with 58 items covering hygiene; infection control measures for communicable diseases, including zoonotic and vector-borne diseases; food and water safety; and safe waste management and environmental hygiene. Pearson and Spearman correlations, Welch’s t-tests, and multivariable regressions were calculated through Python software (3.13.9).
Results: Students presented moderate knowledge (62.74%, mean 14.03, SD = 3.42), high attitudes (82.14%, mean 54.26, SD = 6.28), and stronger practices (56.31%, mean 84.17, SD = 11.92) regarding biosafety. Across KAP domains, female, urban, science, and private school students significantly outperformed their counterparts. A weak but positive correlation was detected among knowledge-attitude (r = 0.470), attitude-practice (r = 0.429) and knowledge-practice (r = 0.275). Regression analysis identified attitude as the primary predictor of practice (beta = 0.66, ), followed by knowledge (beta = 0.32, p= 0.012).
Conclusion: The KAP pattern of moderate knowledge score, high attitude, and practice implied the externally driven habit formation and high motivation among adolescents. A weak yet positive association was
found between conceptual knowledge, attitude, and application. The integration of cognitive, motivational, and contextual factors was essential for school-based interventions and to form behavioural practices.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202647

How to cite this article:
Sinha S, Gupta G, Sachan L, Tolani H. Conception and Application of Biosafety Strategies in Daily
Life for Preventing Communicable Diseases among Senior Secondary Students: A Cross
Sectional KAP Study in Dehradun District. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):1-12.

Clinico-epidemiological status of Leptospirosis in Nainital: an emerging zoonosis

2026-09-30T20:52:50+00:00

Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonotic diseases with increasing public health concern in India, especially in hilly and ecologically sensitive areas. The present study showed the current status, epidemiological patterns, risk factors, and public health response to leptospirosis in Nainital district, Uttarakhand. The study is based on surveillance data from the District Surveillance Unit, hospital-based reports from 2023 to 2025. The total of 1557 blood samples screened for leptospirosis, out of which 193 were positive. In 2023 total of 39 cases were recorded whereas in 2024 total 103 cases and in 2025 total 51 cases were recorded. The positivity rate increased particularly during monsoon season in every year. In terms of age distribution the present study revealed that the higher prevalence age group is 21-30 years and in terms of gender distribution, female are slightly highly infected (53%) with leptospirosis. The study underlines the need for integrated disease surveillance, early diagnostic interventions, public education, and intersectoral coordination to mitigate these zoonotic threats.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202649

How to cite this article:
Singh V, Pant H C, Kandpal M, Kashyap J P,Kandpal N K, Clinico-Epidemiological Status of Leptospirosis in Nainital District, Uttarakhand: A Retrospective Analysis of Routine Surveillance Data (2023–2025). J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):13-17.

Identification of Prognostic Factors Associated with RT-PCR–Confirmed COVID-19 Using Logistic Regression in a Controlled Setting

2026-09-30T20:52:50+00:00

Managing asymptomatic patients with communicable diseases poses significant diagnostic and public health challenges. Understanding factors associated with infection status is essential for risk stratification
and targeted interventions in closed populations. This cross-sectional study analysed 472 individuals from an Indian army hospital who underwent RT-PCR testing for COVID-19 during a single time frame.
A logistic regression framework assessed associations between demographic/clinical factors (sex, age, diabetes, vaccination, obesity, and asymptomatic status) and COVID-19 positivity. Significant factors associated with COVID-19 positivity included diabetes (OR =2.21, 95% CI: 1.10–4.43, p = 0.025), vaccination (OR = 0.43, 95% CI:
0.28–0.66, p < 0.001, 57% reduced odds), and asymptomatic status (OR = 0.113, 95% CI: 0.05–0.25, p < 0.0001, 89% lower odds). Age showed modest association (OR = 1.17 per year, 95% CI: 1.05–1.31,p = 0.004), while sex and obesity were not statistically significant. The interaction model did not significantly improve fit over the main effects model (LRT p = 0.412). This cross-sectional analysis identified diabetes, vaccination, and asymptomatic status as key determinants of COVID-19 positivity. Findings support targeted diabetic screening,
continued vaccination efforts, and routine testing in closed populations to identify asymptomatic cases. Although single-centre design limits generalisability, the logistic regression framework offers a flexible tool
for rapid risk factor assessment during future outbreaks. Multi-site validation and longitudinal studies are warranted.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202650

How to cite this article:
Vajala R, Grover G, Yadav C B. Identification of Prognostic Factors Associated with RT PCR–Confirmed COVID-19 Using Logistic Regression in a Controlled Setting. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):18-26.

A Comparative Study of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Dermatophyte Test Medium for the Diagnosis of Dermatophytosis

2026-09-30T20:52:50+00:00

Background: Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is a reemerging cause of acute febrile illness across the Indian subcontinent. Transmission peaks during monsoon and post-monsoon seasons due
to increased chigger mite activity in humid environments, with rodents serving as natural reservoirs. Nonspecific clinical manifestations and limited diagnostic markers contribute to frequent diagnostic delays.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Medicine of a tertiary care hospital over three months. Patients with laboratory-confirmed scrub typhus
were included. Demographic characteristics, clinical features, treatment practices, and outcomes were analyzed descriptively. Continuous variables were summarized as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and
categorical variables as frequencies and percentages.
Results: Thirty patients were included. Females constituted 60% of cases, and males 40%. The mean age was 48.6 ± 18 years, indicatingpredominant involvement of middle-aged adults. Scrub typhus
presents as an acute, undifferentiated febrile illness with variable clinical manifestations. Combination antimicrobial therapy was used in severe cases.
Conclusion: Scrub typhus remains an important cause of acute febrile illness in endemic regions. Early recognition based on clinical features, supportive laboratory findings, and epidemiological context—rather
than reliance on eschar alone—is critical. The patients who received prompt antimicrobial therapy did well, reinforcing that early treatment prevents progression to severe disease. Maintaining a high index of
suspicion, particularly during the monsoon and post-monsoon months, remains key to reducing morbidity and mortality from scrub typhus in endemic settings like this one.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202652

How to cite this article:
Arokiamary, Jayakaran J, Santharam P, Jenson J, Balajis V K. A Comparative Study of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Dermatophyte Test Medium for the Diagnosis of Dermatophytosis. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):27-32.

Demographic Characteristics and Clinical– Radiological Profiles in Molecular Detection of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

2026-09-30T20:52:50+00:00

Aim: This study evaluated PTB demographics, clinical/radiographic features, and the diagnostic accuracy of chip-based PCR techniques in suspects.

Methods: This cross-sectional WHO-aligned PTB study collected patient data, standardized chest X-rays, and evaluated sputum micro real-time PCR to their reference standard Middlebrook 7H9 culture.

Results: PTB burden was highest in men aged 51 to 60 with moderate to- high incomes, with heavy smoking as the main risk factor. Higher bacterial loads correlated with worse clinical severity, and reticulonodular opacities were the most common radiological finding (41.1%; p less than 0.0001). Bacterial (40.1%) and fungal (36.7%) co-infections were more frequent than diabetes or HIV (p less than 0.001). TrueNat showed the highest diagnostic accuracy (98.2%), whereas chest radiography was significantly less accurate.

Conclusion: PTB risk was driven by demographics and behavior, while TrueNat far outperformed radiology in diagnostic accuracy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202653

How to cite this article:
Khutade K, Wagh S, Shah H, Kumar R. Demo graphic Characteristics and Clinical–Radiological Profiles in Molecular Detection of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):33-42.

Dynamics of Spatio-Temporal Trend and Predictability of Malaria Across India (1995– 2025)

2026-10-09T04:39:19+00:00

This study examined spatio-temporal trends and geographical distribution across Indian states on a year by year basis (1995-2025) to assess the cases of malaria using linear regression (R square) values, Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) Z-Score Test and Sen’s slope estimates as well as maps of cumulative burden for each state. Nationally, there has been a statistically significant and monotonic decrease in malaria cases over time with considerable support from both MMK Z-Score results as well as Sen’s slope estimates. Multiple states in central, eastern and southern India with historical endemicity for malaria had high R square Values indicating that they have had stable and predictable decreases in malaria cases over time. While major northeastern states such as Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Manipur exhibit high R square values and significant declining trends, other specific pockets within the northeastern region (such as Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura), along with Sikkim and the island regions, display low R square values and also non-significant MMK trends in some states, indicating that these localized areas continue to experience irregular, outbreak-driven transmission. The spatial clustering of malaria cases reveals a portion of the country that was once referred to as the Malaria Belt - Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and the adjoining states - but has now shown a dramatic decline in the cases of malaria while retaining a history of having had a high cumulative burden of malaria in the past. The findings of this study demonstrate that there are multi-speed geographical transitions occurring across the country with respect to malaria. Therefore, while the national goal of malaria elimination is achievable, regionally specific vulnerabilities will remain and will require targeted, contextually relevant interventions.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202654

How to cite this article:
Rathore Y S, Mishra M M, Prakash S, Choudhury A, Chakraborty A, Sahu N, Kumar A, Kesharwani
R, Goel N. Dynamics of Spatio-Temporal Trend and Predictability of Malaria Across India (1995–2025). J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):43-54.

Seasonal Trends & Short-Term Fluctuations of Aedes Larval Indices and Their Climatic Correlates Across Locality Types in South Zone, Delhi, India

2026-09-30T20:52:51+00:00

Introduction: Dengue infects an estimated 390 million people annually, though underreporting is widespread due to asymptomatic cases. It is endemic in 129 countries, including nearly all of India, causing 20,000 deaths and 264 disability adjusted life years (DALYs) per million population yearly. Its vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, differ in habitat and behaviour.

Method: Breeding habitats across eight localities (slum settlements, urban villages, high-income colonies, and government institutions) in five wards of South Zone, Delhi, were surveyed from January 2024 to December 2025. Monthly door-to-door surveys of 360 households and two institutions, examined water holding containers across nine categories for Aedes immatures.

Results: All localities showed larval indices lowest in Winter, peaking in Monsoon, and declining post- Monsoon. In 2024, HI rose from 2.5%–13.6% (Slums), 1.1%–12.2% (Urban Villages), and 0.6%–11.4% (High-Income Areas). In 2025, HI, CI and BI increased during Monsoon and post-Monsoon (HI plus 75% to plus 115%), coinciding with rainfall rising from 200.5–257.2 mm (Monsoon) and 70.8–99.3 mm (post- Monsoon), and humidity from 72%–81%. Positive containers rose from 418 to 587 (40.4%).

Conclusion: This two-year survey reveals a repeatable seasonal cycle peaking in Monsoon, tracking rainfall and humidity more than temperature. Locality ranking (Slums greater than Urban Village greater than High-Income greater than Govt. Institutions) suggests housing density and water-storage habits as key drivers. Locality-specific, container-targeted interventions during Winter and Pre-Monsoon are likely more effective than uniform measures, though findings need validation with adult mosquito and case data.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202655

How to cite this article:
Pandey A N, Chauhan A, Sagar R, Kapoor N, Singh S, Sagar S K. Seasonal Trends & Short-Term Fluctuations of Aedes Larval Indices and Their Climatic Correlates Across Locality Types in South Zone, Delhi, India. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3): 55-67.

Shock Index versus Modified Shock Index as Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19: A Retrospective Comparative Analysis

2026-09-30T20:52:51+00:00

Introduction: Rapid identification of haemodynamic instability is important when triaging patients with severe COVID-19. The Shock Index (SI; heart rate or systolic blood pressure) ignores the diastolic component of perfusion pressure, whereas the Modified Shock Index (MSI; heart rate or mean arterial pressure) incorporates it, and MSI has therefore been assumed to be the better prognostic marker. Whether MSI actually discriminates in-hospital mortality better than SI in critically ill patients has not been established. We performed an exploratory head-to-head comparison of the discriminative ability of the two indices.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of 93 consecutive adults with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit of a tertiary care centre between June 2020 and January 2021 (Institutional Ethics Committee for Student Projects, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research; approval number CSP/21/APR/93/316, dated 30 April 2021). SI and MSI were computed from admission heart rate and blood pressure. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Discrimination was quantified as the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC) with DeLong 95% confidence intervals (CI), and the AUCs of SI and MSI were compared directly using the paired DeLong test with bootstrap confirmation. Optimal cut-offs were derived by the Youden index; sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios are reported with Wilson CIs. Relative risks (RR) and absolute risk differences were used for categorical associations because mortality was common, and odds ratios are reported only from logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex. No a priori sample-size calculation was possible; the precision attainable in this fixed cohort is reported instead.

Results: In-hospital mortality was 68.8% (64/93). Non-survivors were older than survivors (68.9 Plus minus 12.5 vs 62.2 Plus minus 14.9 years; mean difference 6.7 years, 95% CI 0.8–12.6; p equal to 0.026), but admission SI (0.80 Plus minus 0.21 vs 0.77 Plus minus 0.16; p equal to 0.447) and MSI (1.08 Plus minus 0.27 vs 1.03 Plus minus 0.19; p equal to 0.373) did not differ significantly. Discrimination was poor and virtually identical for the two indices: AUC 0.546 (95% CI 0.415–0.676) for SI and 0.546 (95% CI 0.417–0.674) for MSI, a difference of -0.0003 (95% CI -0.036 to plus 0.035; DeLong p equal to 0.988), with both CIs including the no-discrimination value of 0.50. At Youden-optimal cut-offs (SI greater than or eual to 0.80; MSI greater than or eual to 1.05), sensitivity and specificity were 54.7%/65.5% and 56.3%/58.6%, respectively, and accuracy (58.1% and 57.0%) did not exceed the 68.8% no-information rate. An abnormal MSI (less than 0.7 or greater than 1.3; 18.3% of patients) was specific (93.1%) with a positive predictive value of 88.2%, but the association was imprecise and not statistically significant (RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.08–1.74; odds ratio 4.13, 95% CI 0.88–19.44; Fisher exact p equal to 0.081), and mortality across MSI quartiles was non-monotonic (66.7%, 60.9%, 87.0%, 60.9%). Age was the only independent predictor of death (adjusted odds ratio 1.04 per year, 95% CI 1.01–1.08; p equal to 0.023); adding SI or MSI to an age- and sex-based model changed the AUC only marginally (0.642 to 0.657 and 0.662).

Conclusion: In this single-centre, high-mortality ICU cohort, neither the Shock Index nor the Modified Shock Index discriminated survivors from non-survivors, and MSI was not superior to SI (AUC equal to 0.000; p equal to 0.988). Admission SI and MSI should therefore not be used on their own to prognosticate critically ill patients with COVID-19, in whom age carried more prognostic information than either index. Because this cohort could only reliably detect an AUC greater than or equal to 0.675, these findings are exploratory; adequately powered studies using serial rather than single admission measurements are required before either index is adopted or discarded for triage.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202657

How to cite this article:
Abhishek S, Ramakrishnan T V, Cattamanchi S, Vijayan P. Shock Index versus Modified Shock
Index as Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19: A Retrospective Comparative Analysis. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):68-82.

Biological and Sociodemographic Variables Associated with Covid-19 Outcomes: Bayesian Analysis of Data From 170 Countries Suggests A Cautious Outlook on Obesity Impact

2026-09-30T20:52:51+00:00

Background: COVID-19 claimed 6,492,948 deaths from 607,497,755 infections until August 2022. In 2021 and 2022, several SARS CoV-2 variants increased infection or mortality.

Objectives: We analysed the impact of nutritional state and epidemiological-sociodemographic factors on the COVID-19 outcome. Methods: Presently, WHO-defined factors, health or hygiene and metabolic-disorders, i.e., nutritional status (obesity) and lockdown, were considered for association studies with the Total Confirmed Cases/million (TCC/m) and Case-Fatality-Rate (CFR) from COVID-19 in 170 countries. Bayesian-probabilistic analysis was utilised to facilitate intricate hierarchical modelling, effectively managing confounding factors. Normal statistics, including ANOVA, Tukey’s post-hoc test, Pearson’s correlation, canonical correlation, step-wise/linear-regression, were conducted, and x square-test were performed for non-parametric variables.

Results: CFR positively correlated with air pollution (r equal to 0.95), TB incidence (r equal to 0.95), and GDP per capita (r equal to minus 0.83). The contour plot, which shows CFR vs. GDP & Air Pollution, reveals that CFR rises when GDP falls and air pollution rises. Compared to TCC205, CFR205 is tightly controlled (0.790–0.815), indicating little variability. Higher categories of diabetes- obesity are associated with somewhat higher CFR205, suggesting a small rising trend. Instead of at the extremes, TCC205 peaks in communities with mid-level prevalence of diabetes and obesity, which is not definitive. Bayesian critical analysis of posterior distribution suggests no distinct relation between obesity and diabetes with COVID-19 and indicates the interacting influence of other confounding factors. Densely populated areas are affected more, and that has been significantly restrained by lockdown/quarantine (x square equal to 85.4; p less than 0.001or x square equal to 58.09; p less than 0.01).

Conclusions: Environmental pollution, other diseases like severe TB, and lower GDP promoted adverse COVID outcomes. Findings from the Bayesian approach highlight the need for cautious interpretation of the influence of different factors on COVID-19.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202658

How to cite this article:
Maiti S, Sinha N K, Ghosh T K, Chakrabortty S. Biological and Sociodemographic Variables
Associated with Covid-19 Outcomes: Bayesian Analysis of Data From 170 Countries Suggests A
Cautious Outlook on Obesity Impact. J CommunDis. 2026;58(3):83-94.

To Study the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Leaf R. communis L. Extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Specimen

2026-10-08T07:01:40+00:00

DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202659

How to cite this article:
Mahmood Z Y, AL-Jobori K M. To Study theAntioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Leaf
R. communis L. Extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Specimen. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):95-104.

Assessment of CCL20, STAT1 and Nuclear factor-kappa beta in patients Infected with Cryptosporidium parvum

2026-09-30T20:52:51+00:00

Background: Cryptosporidium parvum, is a coccidial protozoan parasite that infects humans and animals is one of the most commonly reported enteric patasites in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals worldwide.Aims of study: This study aimed for detection of the oocysts C.parvum by a microscopic examination of fecal samples used MZN, a qualitative immunochromatographic assay and ELISA antigen assay.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202660

How to cite this article:
AL-Hatami M A S, Abed A M. Assessment ofbCCL20, STAT1 and Nuclear factor-kappa beta in
patients Infected with Cryptosporidium parvum.J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):105-112.

Evolution Antibiotics Resistance of some Gram-Negative Uropathogens bacteria and Effect of Bio-Cobalt Nanoparticles as Antibacterial and Antbiofilm

2026-09-30T20:52:51+00:00

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202661

How to cite this article:
Saleh R F, Alajeeli F, Rasheed L A A M. Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative
Uropathogens and Effect of Bio-Cobalt oxide Nanoparticles as Antibacterial and Antbiofilm
Agents.. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):113-126.

Comprehensive Characterization of Efflux Pump Genes, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Determinants in Staphylococcus aureus

2026-09-30T20:52:51+00:00

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is associated with high mortality rates in adults, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. However, only few predictive reports exist for this specific population.
The emergence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains poses a significant clinical challenge. Activity of efflux pump and biofilm formation are considered to be playing crucial roles in driving resistance against
antibiotics and limiting therapeutic efficacy.
Objective: The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of S. aureus among patients and to explain the mechanisms of resistance in isolates, focusing particularly on biofilm formation and efflux pump genes
(icaA, norB, and norC). Additionally, molecular docking analysis was performed to explicate the molecular interactions underlying efflux-and biofilm-mediated resistance.
Methods: A total of 24 samples were collected from patients , of which ten were identified as S. aureus and confirmed via biochemical assays and PCR amplification of species-specific genes. Antimicrobial
susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. PCR was used to determine the presence of icaA, norB, and norC genes. Molecular docking technique was used to evaluate the binding interactions of ciprofloxacin, methicillin, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), and reserpine.
Results: The icaA, norB, and norC genes were found in 100%, 50%, and 60% of the isolates, respectively. All the isolates were resistant to methicillin, while ciprofloxacin resistance was detected ABC (ATP Binding Cassette in four isolates. Reserpine exhibited the strongest binding affinity.

Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of ntegrating molecular surveillance with in silico analyses while developing strategies for targeted therapeutic interventions.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202662

How to cite this article:
Kadhom H A, Qasim Z J, Alimeer D A, Al-Bayati A M S, Garallah E T. Comprehensive Characterization
of Efflux Pump Genes, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Determinants in Staphylococcus aureus. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):127-137.

Molecular Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Analysis of phzA and phzM Genes in Clinical Wound and Burn Isolates

2026-09-30T20:52:51+00:00

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered to be one of the most virulent opportunistic pathogens involved in wound and burn infections, due to its arsenal of virulence factors and its capacity to establish itself within damaged tissues. Aim: The present study was designed to isolate and identify P. aeruginosa from cases of wound and burn infections and screen the confirmed isolates for the presence of phzA and phzM virulence genes. Methodology: A total of 48 clinical specimens were received from patients with wound and burn infections. All samples were subjected to standard bacteriological culture methods on appropriate media and then incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. After the incubation period, bacterial growth was detected in 38 samples, while 10 samples showed no bacterial growth. Of the positive cultures, 18 isolates were initially identified as Pseudomonas spp., while 20 belonged to other bacterial species. Confirmation of the presumptive Pseudomonas isolates at the molecular level was carried out by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene. Results: Ten isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genomic DNA was then extracted from all confirmed isolates and used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to detect the phzA and phzM genes. Conclusion: From the molecular results, it was found that the phzA and phzM genes were detected in all ten confirmed P. aeruginosa isolates, showing a prevalence of 100%. These results showed a high distribution of this virulence-associated gene among the recovered isolates and indicate its potential role in the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa associated with wound and burn infections.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202663

How to cite this article:
Alsahoo R A A, Al-Baker S M, Al-Gashaa F A S, Ahmed A F. Department of Biology, College of
Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):138-142.

Assessing Causes of Tuberculosis Infection: A Community Based Study

2026-09-30T20:52:51+00:00

Background: Globally, Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health challenge, especially among developing countries. Nigeria ranks third among the countries with a high TB burden worldwide and first in Africa. Annual TB incidence was estimated to be approximately 467,000, with 219 per 100,000 population incidence rate reported in 2021, and the pattern persist in subsequent years. Furthermore, an estimated 245,000 mortalities were reported annually for TB. This study investigates the factors associated with TB infection among residents of the Ikeja area in Lagos, Nigeria.

Methods: A random sample of 133 consenting patients was enrolled for the study after completing informed consent forms to participate. Data was collected in a cross-sectional design using structured questionnaires covering sociodemographic characteristics and other risk factors of TB. Bivariate Logistic regression analysis method was used to identify factors associated with TB and analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23 for statistical analysis. The results were presented in terms of crude odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval, and p-value reported for each predictor.

Results: The study found that Female sex was associated with lower odds of TB compared with males (OR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.11–0.51, p < 0.01), non-smoking status was associated with reduced odds ratio compared with smokers (OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.10–0.45, p <.001 ), absence of immunosuppressive conditions was associated with lower odds of TB (OR = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.15–0.68,p=0.003), and individuals without contact with TB patients showed significant reduced odds of TB compared with those with known contact (OR = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.06–0.33, pless than .001).

Conclusions:

TB control strategies should be prioritized with interventions against smoking, strengthen care for immunosuppressed individuals, and intensify contact tracing to limit transmission.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202664

How to cite this article:
Adeniji T O, Odeyemi A S. Assessing Causesof Tuberculosis Infection: A Community Based
Study. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):143-149

Trichomonas, Candida and Bacterial Infection: Statistical Correlation

2026-09-30T20:52:52+00:00

Background: It was only recently established that the vaginal microbiota, one of the significant human-microbial habitats, consists of a moderately diverse community of microbes that interact with vaginal health. Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence rate of Trichomonas, Candida and Bacterial infection and their susceptibility to antibiotics among Iraqi women. Methods: From Nov. 2021 to Oct. 2023, 500 vaginal swabs were collected from different clinical labs at different places in Baghdad city, Iraq. Age ranged from 18 to 51 years old. The samples were examined by Microscope, biochemical tests, and cultivations on culture media and Vitek for the diagnosis of microorganisms. Antibiotics sensitivity test were done by the Kirby-Bauer disc methods fomethod types of antibiotics (Augmentin, Doxycyclin, Cefotaxime, Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, and Levofloxacin). Result: From 500 vaginal specimens, 144 specimens were containing an infectious agent in a (28.2%) percentagimens contain C. albicanus, 44 T. vaginalis, 58 was bacterial infection (22 of them non- hemolytic Streptococci, 11 N. gonorrheae, 11 H. vaginalis, 10 E. coli, and 4 were diagnosed as Klebsiella spp.), and 25 specimens contains Monillia. The microscopic examination shows that all the 144 specimens contain Pus and epithelial cells, and the statistical analysis show significant differences of the intensity infection for T.vaginalis and Monillia that was high with the infection with T. vaginalis than other types of infection and the percentage of infection is increased in elder women, also there was a significant differences in antibiotics sensitivity to choose the suitable treatment for infection. The suitable therapy for bacterial infection is imipenem and levofloxacin followed by gentamycin and doxycillin and ceftazidime then ciprofloxacin and augmentin.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202665

How to cite this article:
Kuba R H, Hasan J M, Saheb E J, Musa I S. Trichomonas, Candida and Bacterial Infection:
Statistical Correlation. J Commun Dis.2026;58(3):150-157

The Role of IL-17 in Patients with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Causing Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

2026-09-30T20:52:52+00:00

Search of IgG from 100 patients with URTI and LRTI were diagnosed as RSV in ELISA test. The lower proportions of severe/critical cases werenoted at the lowest within-age group range (5 years), which show a
significant difference between age groups. The notable sex-differencewas where distilled water infected more females than males. Therewas little change in upper versus lower respiratory tract infection rates
and urban versus rural infection rates. In the same way, there was nosignificant difference between IL17 levels in infected and uninfected people.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202674

How to cite this article:
Amir V H A. The Role of Il-17 in Patients with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (Rsv) Causing Upper
and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. J CommunDis. 2026;58(3): 158-161.

Hematological Findings in Patients Evaluated for COVID-19 at Private Laboratories in Tlemcen, Algeria: A Retrospective Descriptive Study

2026-10-06T11:05:24+00:00

Background: Complete blood count (CBC) abnormalities have been described in COVID-19, but evidence from private diagnostic laboratories in North Africa remains limited. Objective: To describe selected hematological findings and their interrelationships in patients evaluated for COVID-19 in Tlemcen, Algeria.

Methods: This retrospective descriptive study included 50 patient records from private medical biology laboratories between January and March 2024. SARS-CoV-2 testing used PCR and rapid antigen assays on nasopharyngeal swabs. Age, sex, white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), and platelet (PLT) counts, and lymphocyte (LYM percent) and neutrophil (NEU percent) percentages were examined. Analyses comprised descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and principal component analysis of earlier (P) and episode-associated (R) measurements.

Results: Mean age was 61.4 plus minus 14.7 years (range 16 to 89); 34 participants (68 percent) were older than 60 years and 33 (66 percent) were female. Recorded abnormalities included leukocytosis (16 percent), reduced and elevated lymphocyte percentages (12 percent each), and leukopenia (10 percent). Lymphocyte and neutrophil percentages were strongly inversely correlated at both measurement periods (P is to r is equal to minus 0.968; R is to r is equal to minus 0.927). The first two principal components explained 54.465 percent of the total variance.

Conclusion: This selected laboratory cohort showed heterogeneous hematological findings. The strong inverse relationship between lymphocyte and neutrophil percentages partly reflects their compositional dependence. Incomplete characterization of sampling times, missing clinical outcomes, and the absence of a control group restrict interpretation to descriptive associations.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202675

How to cite this article:
Lemerini W, Zatla I, Tchouar A, Tchouar S, Triqui C. Hematological Findings in Patients Evaluated for Covid-19 at Private Laboratories in Tlemcen, Algeria: A Retrospective Descriptive Study. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):244-250.

The Immunomodulatory Role of Micronutrients and Traditional Functional Foods in the Prevention and Management of Communicable Diseases: An Integrative Review

2026-09-30T20:52:52+00:00

The global burden of communicable diseases remains substantial despite antimicrobial therapy advancements; the worldwide burden of infectious illness is still high, and antibiotic resistance is emerging as a major public
health concern. Micronutrients and bioactive food molecules play a major role in immune system function and pathogen resistance; nutrition has emerged as a vital pillar of immunological defence. In addition to examining
the antimicrobial qualities of traditional functional foods such as garlic, turmeric, ginger, honey, propolis, fermented foods, and bioactive plant compounds, this review summarises the most recent research on the
immunomodulatory mechanisms of important micronutrients such as vitamins D, C, E, and A; zinc; selenium; and iron.
This review investigates molecular mechanisms such as direct antimicrobial action, cytokine regulation, oxidative stress management, nutritional immunity and adaptive immune modulation. Optimal micronutrient status significantly protects against respiratory infections, including COVID-19, TB, HIV and influenza as per clinical and epidemiological evidence. Through membrane disruption, enzyme inhibition, and biofilm disruption, traditional functional foods exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The idea of nutritional immunity, in which hosts starve infections by sequestering trace nutrients, is an evolutionarily conserved defence strategy with potential therapeutic applications. Probiotic therapies, functional food consumption and vitamin supplementation offer a synergistic approach to improve immunological resilience, stave off and aid in healing. Nevertheless, there are still issues with bioavailability variability and ideal dosage, as well as
common possible toxicity. The study highlights the transitional potential of nutritional immunology in clinical practice, public health policy, and the creation of supplementary treatment approaches to combat communicable diseases and antibiotic resistance.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202666

How to cite this article:
Hasan S, Siddiqui Z, Shaida B, Singh V, Ahmad W. The Immunomodulatory Role of Micronutrients
and Traditional Functional Foods in the Prevention and Management of Communicable
Diseases: An Integrative Review. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):162-171.

Emergence of Scrub Typhus in Kerala: A Review in the Context of Escalating Cases

2026-09-30T20:52:52+00:00

Scrub typhus (ST) is an emerging vector-borne zoonotic disease. It is caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted to humans through the bite of infected trombiculid chigger mites. An estimated one billion people are at risk of contracting scrub typhus, with roughly one million active cases occurring globally each year. The WHO has designated scrub typhus as a seriously under-acknowledged, neglected public health threat in the Asia-Pacific region. In India, scrub typhus is reportedly resurging across multiple regions, spanning the northern, northeastern, western, and southern states. In Kerala, since its first documented report in 1998, there has been a regular hike in infection and fatality rates all through the years. Of all the districts, Thiruvananthapuram comes with 74.0% of cases and 51.0% of deaths. The highest case incidence and death in Thiruvananthapuram could be attributed to the capital city having been infected from military camps long ago and remaining undetected for a long period, by which time the disease must have spread to a wider area in the district. It must be from Thiruvananthapuram; the disease eventually spread to other areas of Kerala. Scrub typhus has undoubtedly become a critical public health crisis in Kerala. Although awareness of the disease is steadily increasing, more medical and administrative efforts are needed to deal with the threat and to contain its rapid advance. Most existing studies on ST in Kerala focus primarily on hospital-based research. There is a lack of in-depth research into the disease’s spatio-temporal epidemiological risk factors, including systemic complications, climatic drivers, and most importantly, ecological and entomological factors. This review examines the epidemiology, geographic distribution, and seasonal dynamics of scrub typhus in Kerala.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202667

How to cite this article:
R Rajendran, K Regu, M S Sasi, S N Sharma. Emergence of Scrub Typhus in Kerala: A Review
in the Context of Escalating Cases. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):172-182.

Smart Healthcare Framework for Chikungunya Surveillance Using Machine Learning

2026-10-09T07:03:18+00:00

Chikungunya virus (CGN) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus responsible for causing significant outbreaks characterised by fever, severe joint pain, rash, and long-lasting arthralgia, impacting millions worldwide.
Despite its clinical similarity to other arboviral infections, early and accurate diagnosis remains critical for effective patient management and outbreak control. This paper presents a comprehensive review of
CGN’s epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and monitoring challenges. Furthermore, it explores the recent advancements in digital health, technologies specifically the integration of Internet of Things (IoT)
devices and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance real-time detection, monitoring, and epidemiological surveillance of CGN. These innovations offer promising avenues for early warning systems, improved vector
control strategies, and data-driven public health interventions. By harnessing digital tools, healthcare systems can achieve more efficient outbreak responses, reduce disease burden, and better protect
vulnerable populations. This study underscores the imperative for multidisciplinary approaches combining cutting-edge digital technologies to combat emerging arboviral threats like Chikungunya.
Keywords: Machine Learning, Time Series, Arima Model, Public Health

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202667

How to cite this article:
Gupta V, Walia R K, Singh S, Gowda R M A, Nagah S, Rana R. Smart Healthcare Framework
for Chikungunya Surveillance Using MachineLearning. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):183-190.

Antibiofilm Activity of Certain Medicinal Plants Against Perianal Infection-Causing Pathogens: An Integrated Survey

2026-09-30T20:52:52+00:00

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202651

How to cite this article:
Arul V, Hariram V, Muruhan S. Antibiofilm Activity of Certain Medicinal Plants Against Perianal
Infection-Causing Pathogens: An Integrated Survey. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):191-199.

Comprehensive Review on Targeting Cough Reflex Pathways Using Plant-Based Therapeutics

2026-10-03T19:19:43+00:00

Cough hypersensitivity is a complex neurophysiological condition involving both peripheral sensory pathways and central neural processing and is often exacerbated in respiratory diseases. Despite the availability of synthetic antitussive agents, their limitations, including adverse effects and variable efficacy, necessitate the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Plant-based polyherbal formulations offer a promising multi-target approach due to their diverse phytochemical composition and synergistic pharmacological actions. This review explores the therapeutic potential of a formulation comprising Amla (Phyllanthus emblica), black pepper (Piper nigrum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), honey, Bharangi (Clerodendrum serratum), Pushkarmool (Inula racemosa), and Kantakari (Solanum xanthocarpum). These agents collectively modulate cough reflex pathways through anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, demulcent, antimicrobial, and bioavailability-enhancing mechanisms. The synergistic interplay of these constituents enables comprehensive management of cough by targeting airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and neural hypersensitivity. This study underscores the potential of integrating traditional knowledge with modern pharmacology to develop safe and effective antitussive therapies.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202669

How to cite this article:
Barwal S B, Venkatasubramaniam N, Rajappa M C. Comprehensive Review on Targeting Cough
Reflex Pathways Using Plant-Based Therapeutics. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(2):200-208.

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis: A Global Health Threat or Localized Problem

2026-09-30T20:52:52+00:00

Introduction: Amoebic encephalitis is a rare and potentially fatal central nervous system infection caused by free-living amoebae found in freshwater sources, such as lakes and rivers. There are two types of amoebic encephalitis, namely primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a disease typically caused by infection with Naegleria fowleri, a microscopic amoeba commonly referred to as a “brain-eating amoeba.” This infection destroys brain tissue, causing severe brain swelling and death in most cases. PAM is rare and usually occurs in otherwise healthy children, teens, and young adults. The initial symptoms of PAM are indistinguishable from those of bacterial meningitis, while the symptoms of GAE can mimic a brain abscess, encephalitis, or meningitis. These infections are almost uniformly fatal, with only a few reported survivors globally.

Materials and Methods: This review synthesized clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory findings from global literature on N. fowleri infections. Analysis encompassed the pathogen’s morphological life stages (trophozoite, flagellate, cyst), environmental drivers, mechanisms of neuroinvasion, and regional disease burdens across major affected countries (including the United States, Pakistan, Australia, and India). Diagnostic standards—such as direct cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) wet-mount microscopy, special staining (Giemsa/trichrome), molecular assays (PCR), and culture methods—were evaluated alongside current multidrug treatment regimens.

Results: N. fowleri flourishes in warm freshwater (up to 45.8 degree C). Infection typically occurs in healthy young individuals (median age 14; almost equal to 75% male) during water recreation. Upon entering the nasal cavity, trophozoites traverse the cribriform plate into the olfactory bulb, producing necrosis, micro-hemorrhages, and fatal cerebral edema. Globally, fewer than 500 cases have been documented, with only 11 confirmed survivors. While US cases remain low (0–8 annually), acute regional spikes have been observed, notably in Kerala, India, which reported 69 confirmed cases and 19 deaths late in 2025. CSF wet-mount identification of motile trophozoites and PCR assays remain primary diagnostic tools. Successful clinical management relies on prompt combination antimicrobial therapy—primarily intravenous/intrathecal Amphotericin B, Miltefosine, azole antifungals, and targeted intracranial pressure management—initiated prior to extensive neurological destruction.

Discussion: The rising frequency of PAM in warming climates highlights its transition from an obscure tropical entity to a significant public health concern. Because the therapeutic window is extremely brief (frequently under 5 days from symptom onset), high clinical suspicion in endemic areas is vital to reduce initial misdiagnosis. Proposed clinical staging models (Nasal, Olfactory, and Meningoencephalitic phases) offer a framework for early intervention before irreversible CNS trauma occurs. Given the absence of targeted vaccines or definitive monotherapies, public health interventions—including public safety campaigns, nose-clip utilization during recreational swimming, and strict chlorination of municipal and recreational water sources—remain the primary line of defense.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202656

How to cite this article:
Sharma V, Deshwali Z H. Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis: A Global Health
Threat or Localized Problem. J Commun Dis.2026;58(3):209-217.

Spectrum of Post-COVID-19 Complications in Pediatric Patients: A Case Series

2026-09-30T20:52:52+00:00

The COVID-19 epidemic posed significant challenges to global health systems, highlighting the need for research into the virus’s complex pathology and the development of targeted interventions. Despite existing management options, post-COVID complications in paediatric patients with underlying haematological and immunological vulnerabilities present a pressing concern. This case series presents four paediatric patients with complex post-COVID complications and underlying disorders, including chronic myeloid leukaemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation, Evans syndrome with coeliac disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). These cases underscore the importance of early recognition and multidisciplinary management in achieving optimal outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202668

How to cite this article:
Singh S, Alam S, Singh N, Anil V K, Elwadhi A, Rai S, Chopra K K. Spectrum of Post-Covid-19
Complications in Pediatric Patients: A Case Series. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):218-225.

Scrub Typhus as a Cause of Acute Undifferentiated Febrile Illness: A Retrospective Observational Study of Clinical Spectrum and Outcomes

2026-09-30T20:52:52+00:00

Background: Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is a re-emerging cause of acute febrile illness across the Indian subcontinent. Transmission peaks during monsoon and post-monsoon seasons due to increased chigger mite activity in humid environments, with rodents serving as natural reservoirs. Nonspecific clinical manifestations and limited diagnostic markers contribute to frequent diagnostic delays.

Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Medicine of a tertiary care hospital over three months. Patients with laboratory-confirmed scrub typhus were included. Demographic characteristics, clinical features, treatment practices, and outcomes were analyzed descriptively. Continuous variables were summarized as mean plus minus standard deviation (SD), and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages.

Results: Thirty patients were included. Females constituted 60% of cases, and males 40%. The mean age was 48.6 plus minus 18 years, indicating predominant involvement of middle-aged adults. Scrub typhus presents as an acute, undifferentiated febrile illness with variable clinical manifestations. Combination antimicrobial therapy was used in severe cases.

Conclusion: Scrub typhus remains an important cause of acute febrile illness in endemic regions. Early recognition based on clinical features, supportive laboratory findings, and epidemiological context—rather than reliance on eschar alone—is critical. The patients who received prompt antimicrobial therapy did well, reinforcing that early treatment prevents progression to severe disease. Maintaining a high index of suspicion, particularly during the monsoon and post-monsoon months, remains key to reducing morbidity and mortality from scrub typhus in endemic settings like this one.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202670

How to cite this article:
Deshmukh R G, Solanke O K. Scrub Typhus as a Cause of Acute Undifferentiated Febrile Illness:
A Retrospective Observational Study of Clin ical Spectrum and Outcomes. J Commun Dis.
2026;58(3):266-230.

A Complex Infectious Case of Typhoid with LRTI (Lower Respiratory Tract Infection), Right Side Ovarian Haemorrhagic Cyst and and AGE (Acute Gastroenteritis): Diagnostic Dilemma

2026-09-30T20:52:53+00:00

Background: A female with an emphasis on typhoid fever and related complications, the study intends to examine the clinical presentation, diagnostic difficulties, and management approaches of infectious diseases.

Objective: Through extensive laboratory testing, imaging, and clinical surveillance, a case report of a 42-year-old lady with ovarian haemorrhagic cysts, hepatic abnormalities, anaemia, and typhoid was reviewed.

Results: Showed positive serological testing indicating typhoid illness, haematological abnormalities consistent with minor beta-thalassaemia, and a substantial rise of liver enzymes. The instance underlines the value of coordinated diagnostic and treatment techniques as well as the complexity of coexisting illnesses.

Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of treating haematological and viral diseases with vigilance, particularly in environments with low resources. All things considered, the study emphasises how important comprehensive healthcare methods are for enhancing patient outcomes and tackling complex illness relationships.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202671

How to cite this article:
Viradiya P, Lathia T, Ratanpara S, Parekh K, Jani B, Tirgar P. A Complex Infectious Case of Typhoid
with LRTI (Lower Respiratory Tract Infection), Right Side Ovarian Haemorrhagic Cyst and and
AGE (Acute Gastroenteritis): Diagnostic Dilemma. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):231-235

Scrub Typhus Presenting as Subdural Haemorrhage in a Child: A Rare Case Report

2026-09-30T20:52:53+00:00

Scrub typhus is an infectious bacterial zoonotic disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted by a mite endemic to many parts of Asia. It typically presents as an acute febrile illness with rash, lymphadenopathy, and eschar but can involve multiple organs. Neurological manifestations are being increasingly recognised, ranging from meningitis to encephalitis, though intracranial haemorrhage remains extremely rare. We report a 5-month-old male child with scrub typhus complicated by subdural haemorrhage - a presentation seldom described in paediatric literature. This case highlights the importance of clinical suspicion and timely intervention in endemic areas.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202672

How to cite this article:
Khichar B, Gautam S P, Dhingra A. Scrub Typhus Presenting as Subdural Haemorrhage in a Child: A
Rare Case Report. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):236 238.

Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 Serotype O27 septicemia in a patient with decompensated chronic liver disease - A Case Report

2026-09-30T20:52:53+00:00

Vibrio cholerae serotypes that belong to the non-O1 and non-O139 category, especially O27, are emerging opportunistic pathogens being increasingly associated with severe septicemia, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Most non-O1 or non-O139 serogroups cause sporadic infections, but certain strains of Vibrio cholerae, including the O27 serotype, have acquired additional virulence factors, raising concerns about their potential for more invasive disease. We report a case of septic shock due to NOVC (serotype O27) in a patient suffering from decompensated chronic liver disease (DCLD). Despite the efforts of intensive resuscitation, the patient died within 36 hours after admission, reflecting the highly aggressive nature of this infection amongst high-risk individuals. As patients with DCLD are particularly prone to immune dysfunction and increased gut permeability, in addition to increased susceptibility to bloodstream infection, they may be particularly vulnerable. Since there is limited information on Vibrio cholerae O27, this study will describe the clinical manifestation, associated risk factors, disease trajectory, and patient outcomes. We also review existing, but sparse, literature on the epidemiology and emerging therapeutic considerations of this infection and emphasize the role of early recognition and identification as well as the application of targeted management strategies. Expanding research on Vibrio cholerae O27 serotype is crucial to understanding its true public health significance and improving clinical outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202673

How to cite this article:
Nediyaparambath S, Shanmugam P, Mukhopad hyay A K, Chowdhury G, Roy D, Selvaabai A P
R, Maheshwari P K U. Vibrio cholerae non-O1/ non-O139 Serotype O27 septicemia in a patient
with decompensated chronic liver disease - A Case Report. J Commun Dis. 2026;58(3):239-243.