Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138)

A Study on the Spectrum of Fungal Pathogens Isolated in ICU patient: A Study from Tertiary Care Centre

Vandana Shankar, Mandarapu Roopalatha — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Substance use during adolescence and young adulthood is a major public health concern, particularly for alcohol and opioids. Neurocognitive impairments related to substance use can adversely
affect executive functioning and decision-making. This study compared cognitive functioning and demographic profiles of adolescents and young adults using alcohol or opioids with healthy controls.
Method: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted with alcohol users (n = 36) and opioid users (n = 36), each matched with 36 healthy controls. Sociodemographic data including age, gender, edu
cation, socioeconomic status, marital status, and parental education were recorded. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Trail Making Test (Parts A and B) and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST).
Independent t-tests and chi-square tests were applied for analysis.
Results: Cases and controls did not differ significantly in age, gender, marital status, residency, or socioeconomic status. Substance users showed marked cognitive deficits compared to controls. Both alcohol
and opioid users had significantly longer completion times on Trail Making Tests A and B (p < 0.0001). On WCST, cases completed fewer categories and demonstrated more total errors, perseverative errors,
and perseverative responses (all p < 0.0001). Alcohol users additionally had significantly higher failures to maintain set, unlike opioid users.
Conclusion: Adolescents and young adults with alcohol and opioid use exhibited significant impairments in executive function, attention, and cognitive flexibility. Early detection and cognitive rehabilitation are
essential to limit long-term neurocognitive consequences.

How to cite this article:
Shankar V, Roopalatha M. A Study on the Spectrum of Fungal Pathogens Isolated in ICU patient: A Study from Tertiary Care Centre. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):1-5.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202561

Vaccine Breakthrough Infections among COVID-19 Vaccine Recipients: A Retrospective Observational Survey

L Sumitra Devi, Moumita Sardar, Mukesh Sharma — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The COVID-19 vaccine offers a high level of protection, reducing illness severity, hospitalisation, and death. However, it does not offer 100% protection from re-infection, and individuals have developed re-infections post COVID-19 vaccination, even after being fully vaccinated or having received additional booster doses. These are also known as vaccine breakthrough infections (VBIs).
Aim: This study aimed to determine the incidence of COVID-19 VBIs among the COVID-19 patients receiving care in a rural tertiary care hospital in India.
Methods: This retrospective study was conducted to determine the incidence of VBIs among all clinically suspected COVID-19 patients (N = 2,230) attending SGT Hospital, Haryana, India, from January to August 2022. Demographic characteristics, clinical data, co-morbidities, treatment, and vaccination details were retrieved, and the incidence of COVID-19 VBIs among the patients was analysed. A COVID-19 infection occurring 14 days following a primary series or a primary series with an additional booster dose of any COVID-19 vaccine was considered as VBI.
Results: A total of 261 out of the 327 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive cases had received COVID-19 vaccination. Among the vaccine recipients, 236 (72.3%) were identified as COVID-19 VBIs based on their vaccination
status: fully vaccinated (n = 229) or got an additional precaution dose (n = 7). There was a substantial difference in VBI incidence between those with a previous history of COVID-19 infections and those without. The majority of the VBIs (94.9%) showed mild to moderate symptoms without requiring hospitalisation.
Conclusion: Mild to moderate illnesses without requiring hospitalisation were seen in VBIs demonstrating COVID-19’s vaccine-induced protection. Additionally, those with natural SARS-CoV-2 infections had enhanced
hybrid immunity.

How to cite this article:
Devi L S, Sardar M, Sharma M. Vaccine Breakthrough Infections among COVID-19 Vaccine Recipients: A Retrospective Observational Survey. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):6-13.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202562

Entomological Surveillance and Risk Assessment for Aedes-borne diseases in the Premises of Medical College Campus Institutions in Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation

R Rajendran, Kalpana Baruah, S B Anusree, M S Sasi — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 16:24:12 +0000

Introduction: The escalating public health crises due to Aedes-borne diseases (ABDs), such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, formidably affect tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including India.
Kerala is one of the worst affected states in India, endemic to many vector - borne diseases, particularly Aedes-transmitted diseases. In vector prevalence studies, while surveillance is crucial, it’s often limited to residential areas, neglecting key public places like hospitals, schools, and other commercial establishments. In hospital premises, the presence of Aedes mosquito breeding sites creates a substantial risk of transmitting ABDs to different stakeholders associating with it. This calls for an entomological situation analysis targeting these areas.
Method: Aedes larval field surveillance was conducted in four health facilities in Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation. This involved determining traditional Aedes larval indices, as well as pupal index,
adult premise index, and breeding preference ratio.
Result: A survey of the Government Medical College campus, encompassing four health facilities and 44 prime premises, indicated the presence of Aedes larvae in 8 premises. Significant entomological
indices such as Activity area index, pupal index, adult premise index was found out in many of the areas surveyed.
Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate that regular source reduction activities are to be intensified in every hospital and associated institution premises so as to check proliferation of vector mosquitoes and to prevent possible infection of ABDs among different stakeholders associating with these institutions.

How to cite this article:
Rajendran R, Baruah K, Anusree S B, Sasi M S. Entomological Surveillance and Risk Assessment for Aedes-borne diseases in the Premises of Medical College Campus Institutions in Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):14-24.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202563

Molecular Detection and Study of some Virulence Factor Genes Among Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Different Human Clinical Specimens

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 16:34:54 +0000

Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen causing various healthcare-associated acute and chronic infections. The multifactorial virulence of the ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been linked to various virulence factors.
Objective: Isolate and identify Pseudomonas auroginosa in different types of human clinical specimens, and evaluate the prevalence of four virulence genes (toxA, exoS, oprL, and oprI) in these isolates.
Methods: The present study examined ninety-seven P. aeruginosa isolates from various types of patient clinical specimens, including wound swabs (n =33), ear discharge samples (n =28), urine samples (n =22) and burn swabs (n =14), during the period from September 2023 to February 2024 in Babylon governorate, Iraq. All colonies of P. aeruginosa were sub-cultured onto the bacterial culture, and then confirmed as P. aeruginosa by using microbiological tests and the API 20E test. Next, the PCR technique was carried out to screen the four
virulence genes (toxA, exoS, oprL, and oprI).
Results: P. aeruginosa was the most frequently isolated organism from wounds, followed by the ear, urine, and burns. The urban community shows a higher prevalence (62.9%) than the rural community (37.1%).
The oprI and oprL genes were the most common genes detected among all tested isolates 97 (100%), while the toxA gene was detected in 79 (81.4%) isolates, and the exoS gene was detected in 68 (70.1%) isolates.
Conversely, the results indicated that oprI, oprL, toxA, and exoS genes were the most commonly found genes in P. aeruginosa isolates from wound swabs, followed by ear discharge samples, urine samples, and
burn swabs.
Conclusion: PCR was empirically found to be the most optimal technique to detect and differentiate the virulence factor genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates that are involved in human infective diseases.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202564

Drug Resistance Profiles of Aspergillus Species in Cases of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 16:52:13 +0000

Global Insights into HMPV Infections: Clinical Patterns, Genetic Subtypes, and Public Health Implications

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 17:03:17 +0000

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a significant respiratory pathogen that poses a substantial health burden worldwide, particularly in young children, older people, and immunocompromised individuals. Although it was first identified in 2001, HMPV remains underdiagnosed due to clinical overlap with other respiratory viruses. It has recently garnered significant attention due to a notable outbreak in China during the 2025 winter season. According to data from the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, HMPV accounted for 6.2%
of positive tests for respiratory illnesses and 5.4% of hospitalisations due to respiratory diseases, outperforming the incidence of COVID-19, rhinovirus, and adenovirus during the same period. This review discusses a comprehensive study of HMPV, covering its epidemiology,pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies. HMPV is characterised by significant genetic diversity, which contributes to the variability in its pathogenicity and presents a challenge for vaccine development. Current management is mainly supportive because of the lack of specific antiviral therapies or approved vaccines. Molecular diagnostics have improved detection through PCR and multiplex panels; however, challenges persist in terms of accessibility. Emerging research identifies metabolic reprogramming and immune evasion as essential features of HMPV pathogenesis, thus opening new avenues for therapeutic intervention. This review
emphasises the urgent need for enhanced surveillance, targeted prevention strategies, and expedited vaccine and antiviral development to mitigate the public health impact of HMPV. Future efforts must
integrate molecular insights, public health measures, and innovative technologies to confront this evolving threat.

How to cite this article:
Thakur A, Dhankhar S, Jhawat V, Popli P, Singh P G, Saini M, Chauhan S, Devi S. Global Insights into HMPV Infections: Clinical Patterns, Genetic Subtypes, and Public Health Implications. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):42-53.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202566

Study of the Respiratory Sequelae in Covid-19 Patients from Tertiary Care Centre

Ambrish Tiwari, Atul Gupta, Sanjay Joshi, Pratistha Singh — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 17:32:01 +0000

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS- CoV-2, has led to widespread morbidity, with emerging evidence of long-term pulmonary sequelae in recovered patients. While much focus has been placed on acute management, systematic evaluation of post-recovery respiratory function remains limited, especially in the Indian population. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical, function-al, and radiological respiratory sequelae in patients recovering from varying severities of COVID-19 over a 12-month period.
Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at Northern Railway Central Hospital (NRCH), New Delhi, including 150 adult patients recovered from laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Participants were categorised equally into mild, moderate, and severe groups based on initial illness severity. Exclusion criteria included pre-existing pulmonary or cardiac diseases. Clinical symptoms, pul-monary function tests (PFTs), the six-minute walk test (6MWT), and radiological findings (chest X-ray and CT) were evaluated at 3, 6 and
12 months post-discharge.
Results: Persistent dyspnoea and cough were more prevalent in the severe group and gradually improved over time. The severe group demonstrated significantly reduced oxygen saturation (mean SpO2: 92% at 3 months), lower 6MWT distances (mean: 490.4 m), and high- er Borg dyspnoea scores (mean: 6.9) compared to other groups (p <0.001). Abnormal PFTs were most frequent in severe cases (82% at 3 months), with restrictive defects predominating. RALE scores and follow-up CT findings indicated sustained parenchymal abnormalities,
including ground-glass opacities and interstitial thickening, especially in severe cases.
Conclusion: The majority of COVID-19 patients experienced clinical and functional improvement within the first 6 months post-recovery. However, those with initially severe disease had persistent respiratory impairments and radiological abnormalities even at 12 months. These findings underscore the need for structured long-term follow-up and pulmonary rehabilitation in patients recovering from severe COVID-19.

A Cross-Sectional Study on the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Shahad Abdul Jabbar Mohammed, Noora Dhyaaldain Abed, Harith Buraa Hassan — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 06:06:53 +0000

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic skin disease caused by Leishmania tropica that infects humans and other mammals, which are the final hosts of the parasite. The disease is transmitted by
the vector host (female sandfly) Phlebotomus spp. when it feeds on the blood of the final host.
Objective: Due to the importance of the disease, as it is endemic in Diyala Governorate, and to address its spread, this study aims to clarify the epidemiology of the disease and some demographic, economic, and social factors affecting its spread in some areas of the Governorate
Methods: The study was conducted in Baquba Teaching Hospital and the health centres in Muqdadiyah, Khanaqin, Jalawla, Saadiyah, and Balad Ruz during 2024 and included 1,501 patients suspected of having
the disease, of both sexes and different age groups.
Results: The study recorded 912 (60.759%) infected patients, including 550 males and 362 females, with percentages of 60.307% and 39.692%, respectively. Higher infection rates were among the age group of 1–10
years and the lowest among those more than 50 years of age (33.114%and 1.754%, respectively). The highest infection rate according to the body sites was in the face and head, and the lowest was in the trunk
(47.149% and 10.964%, respectively). January and February showed the highest infection rates, and August had the lowest rate (31.140%,19.078%, and 1.644%, respectively). Within the areas under study, the infection rate was the highest in Baquba and the lowest in Saadiyah district (41.337% and 8.881%, respectively).
Conclusion: Baghdad boil, as it is commonly known in Iraq, is an endemic disease in Diyala and is considered a health and social problem due to the physical and psychological damage it causes. Despite efforts
to limit the disease, it still poses a health risk in the region, requiringconcerted efforts to limit and control it.

How to cite this article:
Mohammed S A J, Abed N D, Hassan H B. A
Cross-Sectional Study on the Prevalence and Risk
Factors of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Commun
Dis. 2025;57(3):61-66.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202568

Decision-Making Models for Efficient Outbreak Response: A Management-Orientated Approach to Dengue Control in Andhra Pradesh, India

Wed, 01 Oct 2025 06:24:32 +0000

Dengue remains a serious health challenge across India, and Andhra Pradesh faces repeated outbreaks that put a heavy strain on hospitals, clinics, and communities. Combating this disease isn’t just about tracking cases—it’s about making quick, smart decisions to control its spread effectively. This study looks into different decision-making approaches that can help improve how Andhra Pradesh responds to dengue outbreaks, making actions faster and more targeted. Using a mix of existing epidemiological data, interviews with health officials and community leaders, and simulated scenarios, the research explores how tools like Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Decision Tree Analysis can assist in choosing the best strategies. These models help prioritise interventions such as resource distribution, vector control efforts, and
public awareness campaigns, especially when dealing with uncertainties like limited resources or unpredictable case surges. The findings indicate that integrating these decision-making frameworks into public health planning can foster better coordination among policymakers, healthcare workers, and local authorities. This improved coordination can lead to quicker responses, more effective use of resources, and ultimately, a reduction in dengue cases and their impact on communities. The study emphasises that combining management science tools with traditional epidemiology isn’t just helpful—it’s essential for strengthening outbreak preparedness. Plus, these approaches can be adapted to tackle other communicable diseases
in India and similar settings worldwide, paving the way for smarter, more resilient public health systems.

How to cite this article:
Sripathi M, Leelavathi T S, Durga Y K, K Susmitha,
Babu A M. Decision-Making Models for Efficient
Outbreak Response: A Management-Orientated
Approach to Dengue Control in Andhra Pradesh,
India. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):67-72.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202569

Prevalence of Hepatitis Viruses, Retroviruses and bacterial infections among Blood Donors in Thi-Qar Province-Iraq

Ahmed Mohammed Ali Alshammari, Zina MA Alshami, Alhan Alkhalidi — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Rattus rattus and Rattus tanezumi in Sporadic Leptospirosis Areas of Central Java, Indonesia

Wed, 01 Oct 2025 06:44:40 +0000

Introduction: Rattus rattus and Rattus tanezumi are important vectors of leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease of public health concern in Indonesia. This study investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of these two rat species in Purworejo Regency, Central Java, an area that experienced a leptospirosis outbreak in 2023 with the highest case fatality rate in the province.
Method: Rats were trapped in two villages with contrasting ecological settings: Dadirejo (hilly terrain with plantations) and Kutoarjo (densely populated urban area). Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences were analyzed to assess phylogenetic relationships, genetic diversity, and population structure.
Results: Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct evolutionary lineages for R. rattus and R. tanezumi, with R. tanezumi exhibiting greater intraspecific genetic diversity. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices indicated higher genetic variation in R. tanezumi compared to R. rattus. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed strong genetic differentiation among R. rattus populations (FST = 0.973), suggesting limited gene flow and potential multiple introduction events. In contrast, R. tanezumi displayed greater connectivity among central
Java populations but substantial differentiation from Jakarta and Sulawesi populations. These distinct genetic profiles may influence the spatial heterogeneity of leptospirosis cases across Purworejo’s sub-districts. The higher genetic diversity in R. tanezumi could enhance its adaptability and reservoir potential, while the genetic isolation of R. rattus populations may lead to location-specific pathogen strains.
Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of considering rat population genetics in understanding leptospirosis transmission dynamics and designing effective control strategies.

How to cite this article:
Nuranindita R, Hitipeuw D, Martini, Raharjo M, Cahyani N K D, Muh F. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Rattus rattus and Rattus tanezumi in Sporadic Leptospirosis Areas of Central Java, Indonesia. J Commun Dis.
2025;57(3):78-88.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202571

Correlation of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Harbouring pap Operon with IL-6 and TLR-4 Serum Levels and Other Biomarkers in Diabetic Mellitus Patients

Rabiha Q Thaje, Abdulameer M. Ghareeb — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 06:44:06 +0000

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are commonly investigated by microbial agents such as Escherichia coli, with a significant incidence in diabetic individuals, where chronic hyperglycaemia can exacerbate complications. This study investigates the interplay between UTI pathogens and systemic inflammatory markers in diabetic patients by focusing on the pap operon, a gene complex associated with E. coli virulence.
Methods: The three study groups comprised 100 diabetic patients with UTI, 100 without UTI, and 100 healthy controls. Some biomarkers (FBS and HbA1c) related to diabetes were measured. Using ELISA, serum TLR-4 and IL-6 levels were quantified, and through PCR, the presence of the pap operon was assessed.
Results: Twenty-five samples were found to be positive for E. coli. The findings revealed that patients with the pap operon had elevated mean TLR-4 levels of 1.72 ng/mL compared to 1.02 ng/mL in the negative cohort, which was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.001). IL-6 levels were similarly higher in the operon-positive group, averaging 86.42 ng/mL versus 68.36 ng/mL in the operon-negative group, again with a significant difference (p = 0.001). However, the variations in FBS and HbA1c levels were not statistically significant, with FBS levels at 120.99 mg/dL for the ‘Positive’ group and 120.63 mg/dL for the ‘Negative’ group (p = 0.804), and HbA1c levels at 9.75% and 10.01%, respectively (p = 0.415). Conclusion: These results suggest that while the pap operon is associated with an increased inflammatory response, it does not have a direct impact on glucose metabolism indicators in the studied diabetic cohort. The data accentuate the necessity for comprehensive studies to elucidate these relationships further and formulate targeted therapeutic interventions .

How to cite this article:
Thaje R Q, Ghareeb A M. Correlation of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Harbouring pap Operon with IL-6 and TLR-4 Serum Levels and Other Biomarkers in Diabetic Mellitus Patients. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):89-95.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202572

Estimation of lL-6 and IL-17A Levels in Bacterial Isolates from Sinusitis Patients attending a hospital in lraq

Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Sinusitis are highly prevalent diseases and significantly impair life of patients. Viral and bacterial acute sinusitis are common occurrence with morbidity and serious complications.
Methods: The study involved collection of 150 nasal swabs and blood specimens from patients of both genders with different age groups attending Balad General Hospital and primary health centres from November 2022 to June 2023 in lraq.The diagnosis relied on differential mediator for bacterial identification, biochemical tests, and Vitek device. Elisa technique was used to estimate the immune marker; all data were analysed using SPSS and presented with tables and figures indicating statistical association at 5% error.
Results: Sample showed Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Providencia stuartii, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Leuconostoc
pseudomesenteroides, and Burkholderia cepacia. Age groups of 21 30 and 31-40 years showed high prevalence of sinusitis .Levels of interleukins IL-6 and IL-17A were also measured .Mean levels of IL-6 and IL-17A were higher in patients (88.08 ± 33.00 and 231.62 ± 101.00) than in controls (40.46 ± 13.27 and 127.35 ± 52.00). respectively.The comparison of IL-6 and IL-17A with respect to bacterial species showed a significant difference between IL-6 and E. coli obtained from the same patient, as compared to patients without this isolate.
Conclusion: Despite the isolation of uncommon bacterial pathogens; Staphylococci spp.remains the predominant bacteria. the results revealed that IL-17A showed high sensitivity and specificity in examining
patients with sinusitis as compared to IL-6, which showed moderate sensitivity and specificity However,further , studies are needed to confirm these findings .

How to cite this article:
Kazem S N A, Rashid S A, Mahmoud M H, Mohsen A A S. Estimation of lL-6 and IL-17A Levels in Bacterial Isolates from Sinusitis Patients attending a hospital in lraq. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):96-102.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202573

Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Kidney Stone Patients in Baghdad, Iraq

Wed, 01 Oct 2025 06:42:50 +0000

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent one of the most common bacterial infections globally and are particularly prevalent among hospitalised patients. The presence of urinary tract stones often increases susceptibility to UTIs, with Escherichia coli being the leading causative agent.
Methods: One hundred UTI patients with kidney stones (60 females and 40 males) had urine samples taken. Each sample was cultivated on MacConkey agar medium with blood. Using the Vitek-2 Advanced Expert System, 30 bacterial isolates—24 gram-negative and 6 gram positive strains—were identified during incubation. The disc diffusion technique was used to investigate the antibacterial susceptibility of ten commonly used medications.
Results: Of the 30 isolates, 20% (6/30) were from males, while 80% (24/30) were from females. Proteus mirabilis (33.3%), Staphylococcus spp. (6.6%), Salmonella spp. (6.6%), and Klebsiella spp. (3.3%) were the most common isolates, after E. coli (50%). Trimethoprim was ineffective against gram-negative isolates, while ciprofloxacin demonstrated the highest inhibition rate (75%). Ciprofloxacin was 100% effective against gram-positive isolates, whereas penicillin had no inhibitory activity (0%). The findings show that E. coli is the most common uropathogen in patients with urinary stones and that UTIs are more common in women.
Conclusion: Antibiotic susceptibility patterns reveal resistance to regularly used drugs. Ciprofloxacin continues to be the most effective antibiotic against both gram-positive and gram-negative uropathogens. In order to effectively manage UTI treatment, the study emphasises the significance of continuous surveillance and antibiotic stewardship.

How to cite this article:
Hussein A U, Abdulhussein A J, Al-lami R B Q, Ahmed N, Shakir M N, Gati M A, Sahib A A, Al-Jassani M J. Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Kidney Stone Patients in Baghdad, Iraq. J
Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):103-110.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202574

Investigation Immune Activation Markers Of IL-8, C3, and C4 in COVID-19 Patients

Muhannad Shweash, Hatem M Hadeed, Haitham Hassan Abd — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 12:39:54 +0000

Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause respiratory infections in humans. They are named "corona" because the virus's surface has crown-like spikes. Coronaviruses that cause sickness in humans include SARS, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the common cold. With the emergence of the novel coronavirus, the incidence and mortality rates have increased worldwide, manifested in different clinical manifestations and outcomes. Identifying the options available for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is crucial for improving management and developing effective treatments. This study evaluates IL-8, C3, and C4 levels in COVID-19 patients in Ramadi City, Anbar Governorate, Iraq. Samples were collected from COVID-19 patients admitted to Ramadi General Hospital and analyzed for IL-8, C3, and C4 levels using enzyme immunoassays (ELISAs). The results showed increased IL-8, C3, and C4 levels in COVID-19 patients. The results of this study will contribute to identifying the immunological options for COVID-19 and could help identify potential biomarkers that determine disease prognosis and response to treatment.

Determination the level of Iron in H.pylori patient co-infected with Amoebiasis

Lubna Hussain Ali — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 17:29:08 +0000

“Clinico-Epidemiological Profile,Complications and Outcome of Scrub Typhus Among Hospitalized Paediatric Patients”:A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Nuh,Haryana.

Dr Arti Dhingra, Dr Shradhang Pratap Gautam, Dr Rakhi Jain — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 12:40:55 +0000

Objectives:-Clinico-Epidemiological Profile,Complications and Outcome of Scrub Typhus Among Hospitalized Paediatric Patients”:A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Nuh,Haryana.

Background:-Scrub typhus is an emerging and under diagnosed cause of acute febrile illness in children,particularly in rural and resource-limited settings.Caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted by chigger mites,the disease often mimics other febrile illness and may lead to life-threatening complications if not identified early.The Nuh district (formerly Mewat) in Haryana is a predominantly rural and undeserved area with limited healthcare access,poor hygiene,and environmental conditions conducive to mite proliferation.These factors increase the risk and burden of scrub typhus in the pediatric population.However,there is a paucity of data on its clinical profile and outcomes in this region,underscoring the need for localized studies to guide early recognition and management.

Methods:-This retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Nuh(Mewat),Haryana.Medical records of 32 pediatric patients,aged 1 month to 14 years,admitted with a,confirmed diagnosis of scrub typhus over a defined period between September to December 2024 were reviewed.Diagnosis was established based on clinical features and positive serology (IgM ELISA for Orientia tsutsugamushi).Data regarding demographic details,clinical presentation,laboratory findings,complications,co-infections,treatment,hospital stay, and outcomes were collected in a predesigned proforma and entered in Microsoft excel master chart and analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results:- Total 32 children included,19 were males and 13 were females.The majority (50%) were aged 1-5 years.Most cases occurred between September and December, following the post-monsoon season and coincide peak growth of vegetations and mite population.The majority of 27 (84.4%) cases were from Nuh district of Haryana while other 5 (15.6%) cases from neighbouring district of Nuh in which 3 (9.4%) cases from Alwar (Rajasthan) and 2 (6.3%) cases from Bharatpur (Rajasthan).Fever was present in all patients(100%),followed by respiratory distress (44%),altered sensorium (40%),seizures (40%),vomiting (38%),rash 10 (31%).Eschar was noted in 12.5% of cases.Anemia (Hb<11 g/dl) was seen in all patients,and thrombocytopenia (<100,000/mm³) in 43.7%.Common biochemical abnormalities included hypoalbuminemia (75%),elevated AST (37.5%),and raised alkaline phosphatase (50%).Coinfections were seen in 13 children,most commonly with enteric fever (5 cases) and dengue (4 cases).Major complications included hepatitis 15(47%),encephalopathy (41%),meningoencephalitis (28%),pneumonitis (34%),multiple organ dysfunction syndrome 6(19%).The duration of hospital stay ranged from 4 to 15 days.Overall,28 patients (87.5%) recovered,while 4 (12.5%) succumbed to the illness due to late presentation and multi-organ dysfunction.

Conclusion:-Scrub typhus is a under recognized cause of pediatric illness in endemic regions like Nuh(Mewat),Haryana,with peak incidence post-monsoon.Given its potential for severe complications,early clinical suspicion,timely diagnosis, and prompt treatment are essential.Public health efforts focusing on awareness,early diagnosis and preventive strategies are needed to reduce morbidity and mortality in such high-risk areas.

Keywords:- IgM ELISA ,Eschar ,Rash,Complications,Pneumonia,Hepatitis,Scrub Typhus

Long-term RAAS Dysregulation in Post-COVID-19 Cardiovascular Complications: AT-II and ACE2 Imbalance

Tugolbai Tagaev, Arystanbek Atykanov — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 13:41:16 +0000

Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is associated with various cardiovascular complications.

Aim: This observational study investigated long-term changes in angiotensin system components, specifically angiotensin II (AT-II) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), in patients with and without cardiovascular complications following COVID-19 infection.

Methods: The study included 122 adults aged 22-72 years, divided into a control group (mild COVID-19 without pneumonia or heart issues), group I (COVID-19 with lung involvement but no heart complications), and group II (COVID-19 with lung damage and heart complications). Blood samples were obtained one year after acute COVID-19, and serum concentrations of AT-II and ACE2 activity were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.

Results: The results showed a significant increase in AT-II levels and a decrease in ACE2 activity in Group II compared to the control and Group I. In group II, 73% of patients had elevated AT-II levels and 77% showed reduced ACE2 activity, indicating a persistent imbalance between the regulatory and counterregulatory components of the angiotensin system.

Conclusion: This study showed that increased AT-II levels and decreased ACE2 activity may contribute to cardiovascular problems during post-acute COVID-19 infection.

Microbial, Immunological, and Environmental Risk Factors for Chronic Erosive-Ulcerative Gastrointestinal Tract Lesions in Children

Wed, 01 Oct 2025 13:43:03 +0000

Introduction: Erosive-ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract (EUL-GIT) are a growing concern in pediatric populations, particularly in low-income countries.

Aim: This retrospective study aimed to identify the risk factors contributing to EUL-GIT advancement in children, measure their predictive significance, and assess therapeutic outcomes.

Methods: The study included 2,091 children aged 0–17 years with confirmed EUL-GIT, divided into three groups: oral cavity (n=648), gastroduodenal (n=1,405), and colonic (n=38). A control group of 166 children with functional GI disorders was also assessed. Clinical evaluation, endoscopic assessment, and laboratory tests were performed. A predictive coefficient (PC) was used to evaluate the predictive value of each factor.

Results: The key predictors of oral lesions were decreased Lactobacillus spp. (PC=101.7), increased Staphylococcus spp. (PC=95.4), Clostridium spp. (PC=88.9), and Candida albicans (PC=71.0). For gastroduodenal lesions, H. pylori infection (PC=102.0), belching (PC=129.0), epigastric pain (PC=89.7), and heartburn (PC=73.1) were high predictors. In colonic lesions, H. pylori infection (PC=72.7), SIBO (PC=66.8), and elevated IL-4 (PC=68.5) were notable.

Conclusion: The PC model effectively assessed the risk and directed treatment strategies. A multidisciplinary approach involving infection management, nutritional support, and immune modulation is essential for high-risk children.

Evaluation of Hematological Parameters in Adult Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients in a North Indian Tertiary Care Hospital

Zarina Farheen — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 13:43:37 +0000

Comparative Evaluation of Pleural Fluid Adenos- ine Deaminase (Ada) Versus Lactate Dehydroge- nase/Adenosine Deaminase (Ldh/Ada) Ratio for Distinguishing Tubercular From Non-Tubercular Pleural Effusions

Aisha Beg, Merajul Haque Siddiqui , Shailza Verma, Suhani Saxena, Usba Khalid — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 06:41:53 +0000

Reshaping Healthcare Systems for Communicable Disease Control: Insights from the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Fahima Sherwani, Saiyed Wajid Ali — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 08:34:39 +0000

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the urgent need for resilient and adaptive healthcare systems to effectively manage communicable diseases and prevent future outbreaks. Healthcare providers face increasing pressure to enhance disease surveillance, emergency preparedness, and service efficiency, ensuring that public health interventions remain proactive and responsive especially during the communicable disease outbreaks. Despite advances in medical research and healthcare infrastructure, many systems still struggle with resource
allocation, outbreak containment, and community engagement, particularly in developing nations like India, where accessibility and affordability remain critical concerns. This study identifies 33 critical success factors (CSFs) that directly impact healthcare system resilience in communicable disease management, emphasising the importance of economic stability, organizational efficiency, social awareness, smart technologies, performance management, and sustainability. Findings highlight those economic investments in disease preparedness, along with strong governance and policy interventions, significantly enhance a system’s ability to respond swiftly to emerging threats. Additionally, the integration of AI-powered diagnostics, telemedicine, and real-time epidemiological tracking improves healthcare accessibility while reducing the burden on traditional medical infrastructure. By strategically reinforcing data-driven interventions and sustainable healthcare practices, this study presents a structured framework for pandemic resilience, ensuring that healthcare systems remain agile, adaptive, and capable of mitigating future communicable disease threats.

How to cite this article:
Sherwani F, Ali S W. Reshaping Healthcare Systems for Communicable Disease Control: Insights from the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):214-219.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202588

Clinical Spectrum and Diagnostic Challenges of Atypical Cutaneous Tuberculosis: A Global Case Series Analysis

Wed, 01 Oct 2025 07:02:47 +0000

Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, accounting for less than 2% of all TB cases. Its atypical presentations, which deviate from the classical forms like lupus vulgaris and tuberculosis verrucosa cutis, pose significant diagnostic challenges. These atypical forms often mimic other dermatological conditions, leading to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. This review examines atypical CTB cases reported globally from 2018 to 2024, focusing on lesion morphology, diagnostic strategies, treatment approaches, and
clinical outcomes. A total of 20 cases from 8 studies were analysed, with findings showing that verrucous CTB (30%) and ulcerative forms (20%) were the most common morphological subtypes. Misdiagnosis occurred in 70% of the cases, with histopathology being the most reliable diagnostic tool. Immunocompromised patients, including those with HIV, diabetes, and post-transplant states, were more likely to present with severe and atypical forms. Anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) was effective in most cases, with 90% of patients achieving complete resolution. This review highlights the need for heightened clinical suspicion, early biopsy, and the use of advanced diagnostic tools such as PCR and imaging, especially in high-risk populations. The study emphasises the importance of timely diagnosis and treatment to prevent morbidity and improve patient outcomes in atypical CTB.

How to cite this article:
Agila A, Palaniappan D, Manickam N, Vellaisamy S G, Gopalan K. Clinical Spectrum and Diagnostic Challenges of Atypical Cutaneous Tuberculosis: A Global Case Series Analysis. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):157-165.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202582

Antimalarial Potential of Medicinal Plants: Phytochemical Insights and Host-Directed Strategies

Wed, 01 Oct 2025 07:32:03 +0000

Background: Malaria remains a significant global health threat, with rising drug resistance undermining the efficacy of standard therapies. Historically, plant-derived compounds such as quinine and artemisinin have served as cornerstones in antimalarial treatment.
Objective: This review explores the antimalarial potential of medicinal plants, emphasisingphytochemical classes, their mechanisms of action, and host-directed strategies to combat emerging resistance.
Methods: Relevant literature on alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, and phenolics with antiplasmodial activity was reviewed. Evidence from in vitro studies, animal models, and pilot clinical evaluations was analysed.
Results: Plant-derived compounds exert antimalarial effects via diverse mechanisms, including inhibition of heme detoxification, ROS generation, DNA intercalation, and modulation of host AMPK signalling. Flavonoids, in particular, restore cellular energy regulation by reactivating AMPK, depriving Plasmodium of critical metabolic substrates.
Conclusion: Phytochemicals offer a promising complementary strategy for malaria treatment. Their multi-target activity and host-directed actions present a low-resistance-risk profile. Future clinical translation requiresstanderisation, formulationoptimisation, and regulatory integration.

How to cite this article:
Vaghela U P, Jani B, Kalaria K, Tank T, Kanabar V, Parekh K, Shah R K, Yadav R, Yadav P, Yadav R. Antimalarial Potential of Medicinal Plants: Phytochemical Insights and Host-Directed Strategies. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):174-181.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202584

Is Isolation of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases the Last Mile Strategy to Achieve Tuberculosis Elimination in India?

Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Tuberculosis (TB), despite extensive global efforts for elimination, continues to pose significant public health challenges, particularly in high-burden countries like India. This review explored the isolation of active (open) TB cases as a critical strategy to curb transmission and achieve TB elimination targets. Analysing historical and current epidemiological data, we discussed the burden of TB and its transmission dynamics, emphasising the role of early detection and isolation in halting community spread. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and associated comorbidities such as diabetes, undernutrition, and tobacco and alcohol use exacerbate challenges in TB control. We presented isolation policies, modelled on the success of infection control strategies during the
COVID-19 pandemic, as pivotal interventions, particularly in managing MDR-TB and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). Recommendations included targeted use of isolation, enhanced ventilation, respiratory hygiene, and community education to mitigate household and community transmission. The role of community health workers, such as ASHAs and ANMs, is critically examined to ensure their involvement maximises TB care without increasing the risk of transmission. Key strategies include implementing evidence-based harm reduction in crowded settings through maximised natural ventilation and strict respiratory hygiene. Critically, these measures must be integrated into the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) through structural support, such as training community health workers to conduct home assessments, establishing community-based short-stay isolation centers, and making psychosocial support a routine component of care. By integrating
robust public health measures with comprehensive psychosocial and financial support, the path toward TB elimination, while challenging, becomes increasingly feasible and equitable.

How to cite this article:
Chadhar K, Kishore J, Jani A, Shekhar C, Jani K K, Gupta N. Is Isolation of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases the Last Mile Strategy to Achieve Tuberculosis Elimination in India? J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):182-190.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202585

Transforming Global Health: Evidence-Based Intervention and Strategies for Communicable Disease Control – A Review

Priyanka Malaiyappan, Aswathy P.T, Vettrivel Arul, Jayakumar Mohan — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Communicable diseases continue to pose a significant threat to global health, particularly in resource-limited settings where socioeconomic disparities exacerbate vulnerability. Although substantial progress has been achieved through immunisation programmes and targeted public health interventions, persistent inequalities and emerging challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic underscore the need for sustained and adaptive strategies. This narrative review synthesises current evidence on effective approaches for communicable disease prevention and control, with a focus on health system strengthening, community-driven interventions, and innovative technologies. The review highlights the role of robust surveillance systems, mobile health
solutions, community health workers, and integrated service delivery in improving disease outcomes. It also explores the utility of the One Health framework in addressing zoonotic threats and emphasises behaviour
focused interventions in managing waterborne and foodborne diseases. Strengthening cross-sectoral collaboration, addressing social and environmental determinants, and fostering leadership within affected
populations are identified as critical components of sustainable disease control. This comprehensive and adaptive approach supports global health equity goals, advocating for innovation, long-term investment, and political commitment to build resilient health systems and advance the elimination of communicable diseases. Furthermore, the integration of innovative, community co-designed digital health strategies offers a promising pathway to strengthen disease control efforts and accelerate the elimination of communicable diseases.

How to cite this article:
Malaiyappan P, Aswathy P T, Arul V, Mohan J. Transforming Global Health: Evidence-Based Intervention and Strategies for Communicable Disease Control – A Review. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):191-206.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202586

Exploring Molecular Diagnostic Approaches for HPV

Aswini Munirathnam, Nirupa Soundararajan, Mohan kumar, Priyadarshini Shanmugam — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 08:27:51 +0000

Introduction: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is implicated in various anogenital cancers, with developing nations experiencing higher infection rates. Since HPV cannot be cultured in vitro, molecular diagnostic techniques are critical for its detection.
Aim: This study aims to explore and evaluate the various molecular diagnostic approaches available for detecting HPV, emphasising their utility in identifying high-risk HPV strains linked to cervical cancer.
Methods: We review a range of molecular diagnostic techniques, including target amplification methods like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Reverse Line Blot, Real-Time PCR, and various other advanced HPV DNA testing methods like COBAS HPV Test, Xpert HPV, and Anyplex II HPV 28. Signal amplification techniques such as Digene Hybrid Capture 2 and CARE HPV are also discussed for their efficacy in detecting HPV.
Conclusion: Molecular diagnostic approaches have significantly advanced HPV detection, providing high sensitivity and specificity, particularly for high-risk HPV strains. These techniques are advantageousin the early
diagnosis and management of cervical cancer, particularly in regions with high HPV prevalence. Further refinement and accessibility of these methods are essential for global cervical cancer control.

How to cite this article:
Munirathnam A, Soundararajan N, Kumar A M, Shanmugam P. Exploring Molecular Diagnostic Approaches for HPV. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):207-213.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202587

Rabies Death after Complete Post-exposure Prophylaxis

Bhagyanath T, Dhanesh T R — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 08:40:24 +0000

Rabies remains an important public health problem in developing countries. It is almost 100% preventable if proper wound care is done along with vaccine and immunoglobulin administration. We describe a case of rabies death that occurred following a rabid dog bite and full post-exposure prophylaxis. Even through rabies death with complete post-exposure prophylaxis is extremely rare, isolated occurrences are unfortunately still happening. Despite advances in research, there is currently no cure for this deadly disease.

Promotion of Biosafety Principles as a Culture Among Children to Prevent Communicable Diseases

SUKLA SINHA, DR. GEETU GUPTA, DR. HIMANSHU TOLANI — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Biosafety, once limited to research and clinical settings, has evolved into a cornerstone of modern public health. The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasised the urgent need for a biosafety-conscious society to survive. This paper explores the necessity of cultivating a culture of biosafety among children, evaluates the roles of educational institutions, families, and communities, and discusses practical and policy-based recommendations for instilling biosafety in childhood development. This paper argues for the early inculcation of biosafety principles in children as a foundational public health strategy to prevent communicable dis eases, including public health literacy. Through a review of literature and behavioural theories, the study highlights how schools, parents, and communities can collaboratively foster a culture of biosafety among young populations. The paper draws from global frameworks, behavioural science, and real-world interventions to propose a holistic, scalable approach to biosafety literacy. The work further addresses the challenges faced in this mission and proposes actionable strategies for integrating biosafety education into daily life and curricula.

How to cite this article:
Sinha S, Tolani H, Gupta G. Promotion of Biosafety Principles as a Culture Among Children to Prevent Communicable Diseases. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(3):166-173.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202583