Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138)

Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases The Journal of Communicable Diseases has been indexed in SCOPUS. <a href="https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/22422">https://www.scopus.com/sources.uri</a> UGC Approved Journal en-US admin@adrpublications.in (Indian Society for Malaria and Other Communicable Diseases) info@adrpublications.in (Admin) Wed, 31 Dec 2025 17:37:01 +0000 OJS 3.1.2.4 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 Molecular Identification of Dengue Virus Strains in Laboratory-Confirmed Dengue Cases https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4601 Abstract Background: Dengue fever is a rapidly spreading arboviral infection caused by Dengue Virus, which had 4 antigenically distinct (DENV) serotypes—DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, and DENV4—transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Identification of circulating serotypes and their correlation with disease severity, outbreak prediction and clinical management may be necessary, to initiate therapeutic, preventive and control measures. While NS1 antigen and IgM/IgG antibody tests are the widely used serological tests for diagnosis, RT-PCR provides definitive serotype identification. Methodology: This study was performed at Chettinad Hospital & RI between June 2023 to December 2023. A total of 100 laboratory-confirmed dengue-positive patients were included. Diagnosis was based on NS1 antigen and IgM/IgG antibody positivity using Immunochromatography card tests and ELISA method. RT-PCR (HELINI Dengue Genotyping Kit) was employed to detect and differentiate DENV1 to DENV4. Results: Among 100 patients, 69% were males and 31% were females. The majority of the positive cases belonged to the 11–30 years of age group. NS1 antigen positivity was observed in 89%, and IgM in 30%, 19 patients showed dual positivity. RT-PCR was positive in 36 patients and DENV3 was the predominant serotype. Three individuals were positive for the DENV-4 serotype. Five individuals were co-infected with the DENV-3 and DENV-4 serotypes. Conclusion: DENV3 was the most prevalent serotype in this study. Young males were disproportionately affected. RT-PCR-based serotyping enhances diagnostic accuracy and supports informed clinical decisions during dengue outbreaks.  Keywords: Haemorrhagic fever, Molecular typing, Non-structural antigen, ICT, ELISA. Dr K Preethi, Alice Peace Selvabai R, Priyadarshini Shanmugam Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4601 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 12:40:58 +0000 Prevalence of Staphylococcal bloodstream infections and its antibiogram from a tertiary-care hospital in India: A cross-sectional study https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4708 Background: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) can cause self-limiting infections that recover within one to two days in healthy individuals to life-threatening sepsis in those with predisposing conditions. Aim: The present study aimed to assess the frequency and antibiogram of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from blood culture and further detect methicillin resistance and vancomycin resistance among the isolates. Methods: A total of 120 Staphylococcus species isolated over a period of six months from patients with BSIs were included in the study. In addition to antibiogram, vancomycin resistance was also determined using vancomycin screen agar test and E-test for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: Among the Staphylococcal isolates (n= 120), comprising of S. aureus (66.7%, n= 80) and coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (33.3%, n= 40), a total of 56 (70%) S. aureus and 24 (60%) CoNS isolates were detected as methicillin-resistant. Of the methicillin resistant CoNS, 33.3% (n=6), 50% (n=6) and 40% (n= 4) were methicillin resistant S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus and S. hominis, respectively.  All the Staphylococcal isolates were susceptible to linezolid and minocycline. Of the MRSA isolates, two strains were found to be resistant to vancomycin by Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method. Additionally, D-test was done for the MRSA strains (n= 56), of which 20 (35.7%) exhibited inducible clindamycin resistance. Conclusion: This study highlights the increasing methicillin resistance in staphylococcal blood isolates. Resistance to majority of the antibiotics including vancomycin, the drug of choice for treatment of infections caused by MRSA strains, has reached alarming levels and continues to increase. Moumita Sardar, Mukesh Sharma, Manisha Khandait, Pinky Bhardwaj, Ronika Kurichh, Leimapokpam Sumitra Devi Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4708 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 12:47:28 +0000 Larval Surveillance of Aedes Mosquito for Assessing Dengue Prevalence in South Zone, Delhi, India https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4987 Introduction: Dengue is a rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease, now affecting over half the world’s population, with South-East Asia bearing the highest burden. Transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti, outbreaks peak after the monsoon due to abundant breeding sites in urban areas. Continuous vector surveillance and integrated mosquito management are essential, with larval surveys using House Index, Container Index, and Breteau Index as key indicators. Method: In the present study, five wards from South Zone, Delhi, were selected, covering eight diverse localities including government institutions, high-income residential areas, urban villages, and slum settlements. A door-to-door entomological survey was conducted from January to December 2024, inspecting 60 houses per locality each month. Aedes larvae were identified in water-holding containers such as plastic containers, flower pots, coolers, metal containers, tyres, cement cisterns, water tanks, and others with breeding sites recorded and larval indices (HI, CI, BI) calculated. Results: Monthly entomological surveillance in eight South Zone localities of Delhi (2024) covered 4,320 households and 7,289 containers, with 262 houses and 418 containers positive for Aedes breeding. The overall indices were HI: 6.1%, CI: 5.7%, and BI: 9.7. Seasonal trends showed the lowest values in December (HI: 0.8%, CI: 0.6%, BI: 0.8) and the highest in August (HI: 19.2%, CI: 16.9%, BI: 32.5). Indices rose gradually from March, peaked in July–August during monsoon, and declined by December, reflecting strong climatic influence on vector proliferation. Conclusion: Larval surveillance in South Zone, Delhi, showed strong seasonality of Aedes aegypti breeding, peaking in July–August with highest HI, CI, and BI, indicating maximum dengue risk. Most breeding occurred in domestic containers, especially coolers, plastic containers, and water tanks. Findings stress upon integrated vector management (IVM) through continuous surveillance, source reduction, safe water storage, and community awareness. Amar Nath Pandey, Rohit Sagar, S K Sagar, R S Sharma, Prof. Neera Kapoor KAPOOR Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4987 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 12:50:45 +0000 Isolation and Characterisation of Active Fungal Endophytes from Aegle marmelos and their relation to communicable skin infections https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4760 The rising threat of communicable fungal skin infections, particularly dermatophytosis, has intensified the demand for innovative and effective therapeutic strategies. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as potent antimicrobial agents with broad-spectrum activity, including against pathogenic fungi. However, conventional methods of synthesizing AgNPs often engage noxious chemicals, causing major environmental and health risks. In response, green synthesis using biological organisms, particularly endophytic fungi, has gained momentum as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative. Endophytic fungi, which reside asymptomatically within plant tissues, possess remarkable metabolic capabilities, including the ability to reduce silver ions into stable nanoparticles. This study explores the potential of fungal endophytes and their application in the treatment of fungal skin infections. By harnessing the natural biosynthetic machinery of these fungi, it is possible to develop biocompatible nanoparticles with enhanced antifungal efficacy. The research aims to contribute to the development of safer, greener, and more effective nanotechnological approaches for managing dermatological fungal infections. Vasudha Kak, Kunal Kishor, Vandana Singh Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4760 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 12:53:05 +0000 Clinical profile and laboratory parameters of severe Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Mewat region” https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4906 Background: Malaria is one of the most infectious disease world wide with about 50% of world population being at risk for its serious complication.Plasmodium vivax has long been regarded a rather benign disease irrespective of its substantial morbidity in Asia and Central and South America.However,severe vivax malaria has been increasingly reported in recent years,particularly from India. In our region malaria incidence is very high,hence there is a need to study patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria presenting with complications,so they can be detected early and appropriate treatment can be started.   Materials and Methods :- This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics at Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewati Government Medical College,Nuh,Haryana over a 1 year period.Children aged 1 month to 14 years with laboratory confirmed Plasmodium vivax mono-infection were included.Data on clinical features,laboratory parameters,complications,and outcomes were extracted from hospital records and analysed in terms of percentage and absolute values.   Results :- A total of 51 children were enrolled.Most cases (64.7%) were in the 0-5 year age group,with a slight male predominance (52.9%).Fever was universal symptom(100%),followed by pallor (47%),vomiting(23.5%),abdominal pain (19.6%),and hepatosplenomegaly (23.5%).Hemoglobin <7g/dl was seen in 49%,and thrombocytopenia (<1lakh/mm3) in 70.6%.Hyperbilirubinemia was found in 62.7% of patients.Complications were noted in 43.1% of children, including jaundice (19.6%),shock(11.8%),acute kidney injury(9.8%),and seizures (5.9%).ICU admission was required in 21.6%,and mortality occurred in 5.9% of cases.   Conclusion:- Severe Plasmodium vivax malaria in children can present with life-threatening complications in children such as severe anemia,shock,acute kidney injury,neurological symptoms,and multiorgan dysfunction.Prompt recognition and appropriate management are crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality,especially in endemic and resource-limited settings. Dr Rakhi Jain , Dr Meetu Yadav , Dr Babita Khichar Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4906 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 13:10:34 +0000 Evaluation of in-vitro activity of Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Aztreonam combination therapy against MBL and Non-MBL producing strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4816 Thomas J, Nabamita Bhaumik, Subbalakshmi Easwaran Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4816 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 13:19:45 +0000 Assessment of Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Adult Population during COVID-19 Pandemic in Lucknow district https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4859 Background: The COVID-19 pandemic represents a global health emergency with deep behavioural, social, and medical implications. In the year 2045, 628.6 million people globally will develop diabetes, as estimated by World Health Organization statistics. India being "diabetes capital" is a bleak record. Complications and diabetes can be prevented by detecting high-risk patients by screening and early interventions. A cheap, easy tool for early detection of undiagnosed patients in the community is the Indian Diabetes Risk Score. Objective: Using the Indian Diabetes Risk Score, evaluate the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: Pre-tested and pre-designed questionnaire with the application of the IDRS was employed to gather information from 262 urban and rural adolescents of the Lucknow district. Results: IDRS utilized four risk factors: physical exercise, diabetes family history, age, and abdominal obesity. The overwhelming majority of the subjects (41.60%) are over 50 years of age. The waist circumference was present in nearly 43.13% of the subjects (F 80-89; M 90-99). Whereas 53.44% of subjects had no positive family history, 44.27 percent of subjects had frequent modest physical activity at home or at work. Conclusion: the Indian Diabetes Risk Score may be employed to identify high-risk or diabetic individuals in the Indian population who are undiagnosed. Prevention of diabetes would require mass community-level information, education, and communication interventions. Shahzeb Ansari, Ruby Khatoon, Shekhar Srivastava, Divyansh Bhatt, Zeashan H Zaidi, Sharique Ahmad Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4859 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 13:46:25 +0000 Declining Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis: A Three-Year Trend Analysis from a Tertiary Care Centre https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4845 Introduction Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonotic disease of global significance, often underdiagnosed due to nonspecific clinical features and overlap with other endemic febrile illnesses. North India, despite being vulnerable, has limited epidemiological data. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence, clinical profile, complications, and co-infections of leptospirosis in patients presenting to a tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods A total of 500 clinically suspected patients attending All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, between July 2022 and May 2024 were included. Blood samples were tested for anti-Leptospira-specific IgM antibodies using ELISA. Clinical details were assessed using Modified Faine’s criteria, and patients were screened for common co-infections including typhoid, malaria, dengue, and scrub typhus. Data were analyzed using STATA software, with p <0.05 considered significant. Results Of 500 suspected cases, 28 (5.6%) were seropositive, while none of the 25 healthy controls tested positive. Males (75%) were more affected than females, with a male-to-female ratio of 3:1. Adults formed the majority (92.9%), with mean age 39.8 years. Seasonal clustering was observed, peaking during the monsoon (50%). Fever was universal, followed by jaundice (46.4%), headache (42.9%), and myalgia (39.3%). Renal involvement was the most common complication (28.6%), followed by neurological (14.3%) and pulmonary (10.7%) manifestations. Co-infections were documented in 21.4% cases, most commonly typhoid. Conclusion Leptospirosis remains a clinically significant cause of febrile illness in North India, with seasonal predominance and potential for severe complications. Early diagnosis, heightened clinical suspicion, and preventive measures during monsoon are essential to reduce morbidity. Mohd Atif khan, Shams Rizwan Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4845 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 13:56:05 +0000 Alterations in Renal and Hepatic Function Tests in Patients with Leptospirosis: A Clinical Correlation https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4968 Introduction: Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic infection caused by Leptospira species, often presenting with a wide clinical spectrum ranging from mild febrile illness to severe multiorgan failure. Hepatic and renal dysfunctions are common complications that significantly influence prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate alterations in renal and hepatic function tests in confirmed leptospirosis cases and correlate them with disease severity. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Medicine at a tertiary care teaching hospital. A total of 100 confirmed leptospirosis patients were enrolled based on clinical features and laboratory confirmation using IgM ELISA, MAT, or PCR. Routine hematological, renal, and hepatic parameters were analyzed. Data were statistically evaluated using SPSS version 26.0, and correlations between biochemical markers and disease severity were assessed. Results: The mean age of patients was 38.7 ± 12.4 years, with a male predominance (68%). Renal dysfunction was noted in 58% and hepatic dysfunction in 64% of cases, while 46% had combined hepatorenal involvement. Mean serum creatinine and total bilirubin were significantly higher in patients with severe disease (p < 0.001). A strong positive correlation (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) was observed between serum creatinine and bilirubin levels. The overall mortality rate was 5%, primarily in patients with multiorgan failure. Conclusion: Hepatic and renal involvement are common in leptospirosis and correlate strongly with disease severity. Early recognition and timely management of hepatorenal dysfunction can significantly improve patient outcomes. Neeraj Kumar Saha, Manoj Kumar, Merajul Haque Siddiqui Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4968 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 14:00:26 +0000 Efficacy of ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4889 ABSTRACT Background: Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has witnessed a dramatic improvement during the last several years after the introduction of direct acting antiviral drugs (DAAs). One of the initial DAAs is the combination of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir (Led/Sof).  Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Led/Sof in treating patients with HCV infections and identify common  HCV genotypes .  Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted over a period of 15 months and  include 122 patients with HCV infection. All patients underwent HCV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyping at the time of diagnosis. Just patients with genotype (GT) 1 and 4 were included and other genotypes were excluded. All patients received a fixed-dose combination tablet of Led/Sof (Harvoni brand, 90 mg ledipasvir and 400 mg sofosbuvir) once daily for 12 weeks. HCV PCR was repeated 12 weeks after finishing treatment with Led/Sof to assess the sustained virological response (SVR).   Results: The overall SVR was 95.08%; the best SVR was associated with GT 4 (96.67%), followed by GT1a (93.88%) and GT1b (92.31%). Those with treatment naïve (TN) patients had SVR of 94.85%, and those with treatment experienced (TE) patients had SVR of 96%. Non-cirrhotic patients had much better SVR (98.02%) than cirrhotic patients, including both compensated (76.92%) and decompensated (87.5%) liver cirrhosis . HCV GT 4 was the most common genotype in Baghdad  (60 patients, 49.2%), followed by GT 1a (49 patients, 40.2%) and GT 1b (13 patients, 10.6%). Conclusions   Led/Sof (Harvoni) had high SVR in different HCV genotypes, particularly GT4 . Led/Sof is equally effective in both treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients. Cirrhotic- patients had lower SVR than non-cirrhotic patients .GT 4 is the most prevalent HCV genotype . Hazim Makki Hameed Hameed, Abdullah Zuhair Alyouzbaki, Nawal M Al Khalidi Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4889 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 14:03:49 +0000 Prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the effect of iron on its virulence gene in Wound Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/3439 Assesmesnt gene expression of fur in pseudomonas aeruginosa and its relation with exoA and exoS production Uhud Abdulsattar Abduljabbar, Rasmiya Abd Aburesha Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/3439 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 14:08:21 +0000 Burden of Helicobacter pylori Isolated from Gastric Biopsies in Al-Jambouri Hospital, Iraq https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/3614 Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common communicable gastrointestinal infections worldwide and is strongly associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancy. The burden of infection remains high in developing countries due to poor sanitation and overcrowding. Accurate detection of H. pylori among symptomatic patients is essential for understanding disease burden and guiding effective management strategies. Objective: The present study aimed to assess the burden of H. pylori infection among symptomatic patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy using invasive detection methods. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Endoscopy Unit of Al-Jamhouri Hospital, Nineveh Governorate, from December  to February . A total of  gastric biopsy samples were collected from symptomatic patients of gastritis undergoing endoscopy. Biopsy specimens obtained from the antrum and body of the stomach were subjected to culture on Columbia blood urea agar, rapid urease test (RUT), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the  rRNA gene of H. pylori. PCR was considered the reference method for comparison. Results: PCR detected H. pylori in out of samples, yielding a positivity rate of . The rapid urease test was positive in  samples , while culture yielded positive results in samples . When compared with PCR, RUT showed a sensitivity of and specificity of , whereas culture demonstrated a sensitivity of  and specificity of . ROC curve analysis revealed excellent performance of RUT  and moderate performance of culture . Conclusion: The study revealed a high burden of Helicobacter pylori infection among symptomatic patients of gastritis. PCR demonstrated the highest detection rate, while rapid urease testing provided a reliable and practical alternative for routine clinical use in endemic settings. Zeina Aamer Abdul Wahhab, Halah abdulkhaliq awadh, Firas Faris Rija Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/3614 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 14:14:00 +0000 Nutritional Status and Tuberculosis among Children under Five in Indonesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4715 Background: According to the  Indonesian Health Survey (SKISurvei Kesehatan Indonesia), the national prevalence of stunting is. In contrast, the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) among infants has been reported to reach up to in certain regions. Stunted children are particularly vulnerable to TB infection due to their compromised immune function. Methods: The study used five popular and credible electronic database sources, such as Crossref, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Semantic Scholar, to ensure broad and accurate coverage of information. The studies or scientific articles searched were limited to the last ten years, from to . Included studies were observational, conducted in Indonesia, involved infants, and investigated the relationship between nutritional status (underweight, stunting, wasting) and TB. Results: Eight studies were selected because they met the inclusion criteria. All studies had observational designs, namely cross-sectional (observations at one time) and case-control (comparing groups with and without tuberculosis). The sample sizes of the studies varied widely, from small with only  participants to very large with up to participants. In general, the majority of studies found that poor nutrition or stunting was positively associated with tuberculosis, meaning that people with nutritional problems were more likely to develop TB. The meta-analysis showed a pooled odds ratio (OR) of  confidence interval: ), with a high degree of heterogeneity among the studies . Conclusion: Malnutrition, particularly stunting, substantially elevates the risk of tuberculosis among infants in Indonesia. Therefore, effective TB prevention strategies must incorporate comprehensive nutritional interventions as a core component. Aliyya Saliima Izza, Martini, Mateus Sakundarno Adi, Bagoes Widjanarko, Muhamad Zakki Saefurrohim Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4715 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 14:17:23 +0000 Comparison of APOBEC3 C levels in pregnant women infected with hMPV https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4875 Human pneumococcal virus (hMPV) is a life-threatening respiratory disease with a high risk in pregnancy. Our study aimed at ascertaining the APOBEC3C protein levels and IgM antibody levels in hMPV-positive pregnant women and relating them to obstetric and demographic variables. We tested 250 pregnant women's samples with symptoms of a cold, and 36 of them were found to be positive for the virus infection. We contrasted these women with 36 normal pregnant women. Clinical and laboratory findings were compared based on age, residence, second pregnancy trimester, and history of miscarriage. The findings were higher in both IgM and APOBEC3C in hMPV-infected women than in uninfected women (p < 0.001). High APOBEC3C expression was most prominent in the second trimester and in rural-dwelling women, with significant correlation with a history of miscarriage. These findings suggest the APOBEC3C gene as a potential biomarker for predicting complicated outcomes of pregnancy following respiratory viral infections. Further studies are recommended to explore the mechanistic role of APOBEC3C in maternal immunity and pregnancy complications. Zainab Mohammed Madfoon, Musa Nima Mezher Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4875 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 14:21:52 +0000 Measles Vaccination Efficacy: Comparing Disease Severity and Complications in Kyrgyz Pediatric Patients https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4946 Introduction: Measles remains a global health challenge, particularly in regions with low vaccination rates. Aim: This retrospective study examined measles progression in vaccinated and unvaccinated children in Kyrgyzstan during a resurgence between 2024 and 2025. Methods: The study included 105 pediatric patients (aged 1-6 years) admitted to the Republican Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital in Bishkek, categorized by vaccination status: Group I (unvaccinated, n=55) and Group II (vaccinated with at least one dose of measles-containing vaccine, n=50). Results: Clinical presentation, complications, and treatment data were collected from the medical records. Results showed that unvaccinated children experienced more severe measles (67.3% vs. 38.0%, p<0.01) and had more complications (67.3% vs. 48.0%, p<0.05) than vaccinated children. Fever duration, hospital stay, and antibiotic treatment were longer in the unvaccinated children (p<0.001). Vaccination was associated with a 59% reduction in severe disease (RR=0.409) and complications (RR=0.403). The most common complication was pneumonia, affecting 87.3% of unvaccinated and 86.0% of vaccinated children. Conclusion: The findings highlight the protective benefits of vaccination in reducing disease severity and complications, emphasizing the importance of high vaccination coverage to prevent outbreaks. Elena Khalupko, Svetlana Chechetova, Zuura Dzholbunova, Meerim Baialieva, Elena Radchenko, Damirakhan Chynyeva, Madina Mambetova, Gulzhan Omurkulova, Cholpon Imankulova Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4946 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 14:26:17 +0000 Early Detection of Communicable Viral Causes of Neonatal Jaundice: A Hospital-Based Study From Kyrgyzstan https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4985 Introduction: Neonatal jaundice affects more than half of all term newborns, yet pathological hyperbilirubinemia continues to contribute to preventable morbidity in resource-limited settings. While metabolic and hematologic causes are well recognized, congenital and perinatally acquired viral infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) remain underdiagnosed contributors. Early identification of these communicable etiologies is critical to guide timely antiviral therapy and prevent severe outcomes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CMV and HSV infection among infants presenting with persistent pathological jaundice and to evaluate associated clinical and treatment characteristics. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from January to December 2024 across two major neonatal referral centers in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Full-term infants with pathological hyperbilirubinemia were evaluated through clinical examination, transcutaneous and serum bilirubin measurements, and graded using the Kramer scale. Phototherapy was administered according to standardized protocols. Infants with persistent jaundice or inadequate phototherapy response underwent CMV and HSV PCR testing. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Among 150 enrolled infants, the mean age at presentation was 23.4 ± 13.2 days, with 78% presenting after 15 days of life. Moderate or severe jaundice was observed in 95% of infants. Continuous ICU-based phototherapy achieved greater bilirubin reduction (31% at 24 hours; 66% at 120 hours) compared with outpatient therapy. Of 20 infants tested, HSV-1/2 DNA was detected in 2 (10%), while no CMV infections were identified. All infants improved with treatment, and no fatalities occurred. Conclusion: HSV infection accounted for a notable proportion of persistent neonatal jaundice cases. Incorporating viral PCR testing into jaundice evaluation protocols may enhance early detection of communicable causes in resource-limited settings. Syrga Bokonbaeva, Farkhad Nasirdinov, Svetlana Zeivald, Galina Afanasenko, Irina Shayderova, Zhanara Asanbekova, Tugolbai Tagaev Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4985 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 14:30:10 +0000 Evolution Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance antibiotics isolated from wounds infections and it production Biofilm https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/3725 Abstract  The current study aimed to detect antibiotics resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and production of the biofilm virulence factor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (20) Bacterial isolates belonging to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria were collected from Tikrit Teaching Hospital, and were diagnosed according to microscopic and cultural characteristics and biochemical tests. The results,  appeared resistance 100% to Cephalexin, Clindamycin, Ampicillin, Cefixime, Trimethoprim, Gentamicin,while according to the Concho Red method, showed that 17 (85%) of the bacterial isolates were biofilm producers, with 8 (40%) being strong biofilm producers, and 9 (45%) being weak and moderate biofilm producers, with a percentage of 3 (15%). Not productive. The results, according to the microtiter plate method, showed that the bacterial isolates were biofilm producers: 18 isolates (90%). Where 2 isolates, representing 10%, showed poor productivity, 9 isolates, representing 45%, showed moderate productivity, and 7 isolates, representing 35%, showed strong productivity. The results of the current study showed, through examining the UV-vis spectrophotometer, the maximum absorbance of AuNPs manufactured from... The lion's mane mushroom extract was determined at a wavelength of 540 nanometers, The current results showed that gold nanoparticles manufactured using lion's mane mushroom extract showed good inhibitory activity against the production of biofilms produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa using three concentrations (50%, 25%, 12.5%), It was found that all isolates that were strong producers of biofilms lost their production capacity after treatment with AuNPs based on the Concho red agar method. However, based on the use of the microtiter plates method, it was found that 4 isolates out of a total of 7 isolates that were strong producers of biofilms, their production decreased to Average production, and 3 isolates changed from strong biofilm producers to weak producers. key words: anti-biotics , wound infections  , P. aeruginosa Reyam F.saleh Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/3725 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 17:27:26 +0000 The Complex Interplay: Hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS And Erectile Dysfunction - A Comprehensive Review https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4605 Erectile dysfunction (ED) represents a significant health concern affecting approximately 30 million men in the United States alone, with prevalence increasing substantially with age. While often viewed primarily as a condition affecting quality of life, ED frequently serves as a sentinel marker for underlying systemic disorders. The relationship between chronic viral infections— particularly Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)—and sexual dysfunction has gained increasing attention in recent years due to their profound impacts on multiple body systems. These infections can influence erectile function through direct physiological mechanisms, medication side effects, and significant psychological burden. Patients with chronic viral infections face unique challenges regarding sexual health that extend beyond the physical manifestations of disease. The stigma associated with both viral conditions and sexual dysfunction creates substantial barriers to seeking appropriate care. Additionally, the complex interplay between psychological responses to chronic disease and organic pathways of erectile dysfunction presents challenges for comprehensive management. This review aims to synthesize current understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, and management of erectile dysfunction in the context of HBV and HIV coinfection, with particular attention to both organic and psychological factors contributing to this condition. Margret Chandira Rajappa, Harish Kesavan, Saravanan Ramaswamy, Nagasubramanian Venkatasubrmaniam; Manoj Kumar Kumar Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4605 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 16:31:26 +0000 The Impact of Climate Change on Vector-Borne Diseases (VBDs): Indian and Global Perspectives https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4933 Climate change is significantly altering the transmission dynamics and geographic distribution of vector-borne diseases (VBDs), including malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and others. Rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and extreme weather events influenced by global warming and phenomena such as El Niño are transforming vector habitats, shortening pathogen incubation periods, and intensifying disease risk. This review synthesizes current evidence on climate-sensitive VBDs, with a dual focus on global patterns and the Indian context. A transition to climate-informed surveillance systems and predictive modeling tools is critical for early outbreak detection. Multisectoral coordination and climate-resilient public health strategies are essential to mitigate the growing burden of VBDs under changing environmental conditions. This review underscores the need for adaptive planning, innovative technologies, and integrated health policies to strengthen preparedness and resilience. Roop Kumari Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4933 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 17:30:01 +0000 Transforming Dengue Control: Scientific Challenges, Operational Gaps, and Elimination Prospects https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4785 Dengue has evolved into the most widespread arboviral disease, now threatening nearly half the world’s population. Despite the availability of diverse control tools—from insecticides and Wolbachia-based methods to improved surveillance and vaccines—the global burden of dengue continues to rise. This review dissects the scientific and operational roadblocks undermining control efforts, including silent transmission by asymptomatic carriers, serotype co-circulation, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and growing insecticide resistance. These challenges are compounded by rapid urbanization, climate change, fragmented surveillance, and weak intersectoral coordination. The authors advocate for a paradigm shift: integrating real-time entomological surveillance, climate-informed predictive models, and next-generation diagnostics within a strengthened Integrated Vector-borne Disease Management (IVDM) framework. Emphasizing community engagement, cross-sectoral governance, and transdisciplinary research, this paper outlines a forward-looking strategy that aligns innovation with implementation. Transforming dengue control from a reactive response into a proactive public health mission is critical to achieving the long-standing goal of dengue elimination. Sivagnaname Narayanasamy, Yuvarajan Sivagnaname, Vetrivel Baskar, Iyyappan Velan Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4785 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 17:31:20 +0000 Biochemical And Entomological Validation of Spathoda Campanulata Q As A Bioenhancer in Plant-Based Mosquito Control Strategies https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4976 Prasath Rajan, Vettrivel Arul Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4976 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 17:28:40 +0000 Therapeutic Advances, Diagnostic Innovations, and Strategic Priorities for Global Scabies Control: An Integrative Review https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4828 Scabies, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, remains a widespread dermatological and public health concern, especially in low-resource settings where overcrowding and limited healthcare access are prevalent. Despite being curable, the disease is under-recognized and often complicated by bacterial superinfections, contributing to significant morbidity. This review critically explores the progression of scabies treatment, from conventional topical therapies such as permethrin and sulfur to systemic regimens like ivermectin and combination protocols for crusted scabies. New pharmacologic candidates—spinosad, moxidectin, and fluralaner—offer promising alternatives but require further study in vulnerable populations. Concurrently, diagnostic approaches are transitioning from subjective clinical assessments to enhanced technologies such as dermoscopy, AI-assisted image analysis, and portable microscopy, improving case detection and operational scalability. Mass drug administration (MDA) initiatives have reduced prevalence in several endemic regions but face implementation barriers, including resistance development, contraindications in key populations, and health system limitations. Persistent gaps in drug efficacy surveillance, diagnostic infrastructure, and research inclusivity impede sustainable progress. The review emphasizes the need for integrated, equity-focused strategies—combining therapeutic innovation, diagnostic reform, and policy alignment—to move toward effective and enduring global scabies control. Aiswarya Sindhu Mohanan, Keerthana Rajasekaran, Navakumar Manickam, Seethalakshmi Ganga Vellaisamy, Kannan Gopalan Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/Journal-CommunicableDiseases/article/view/4828 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 17:32:26 +0000