Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138)

A Descriptive Study to Assess the Prevalence of Fungal Infections among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension and Their Risk Factors in a Community of Delhi

Seema Rani — 2025-04-03

Introduction: Diabetic patients are at higher risk of various health
problemsincluding fungal infections. Fungal infections are taken less
seriously but if not identified and treated promptly, may lead to resistant
infections, further complications and impaired quality of life.
Objectives: To assess the prevalence of fungal infections among diabetic
patients and risk factors of hypertension and diabetes mellitus
Methods: A descriptive survey research design was used. The study was
conducted among people residing in a selected area of Delhi. A purposive
sampling technique was used to collect 313 samples. A structured
interview schedule was used to collect the data,. Permission was
obtained from local authorities. An informed consent was obtained prior
to study participation. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics.
Results: 28.1% of people are suffering from diabetes, and out of those
only 88.6 % of people are taking medication. A total of 90.9% of diabetic
participants had a fungal infection. Out of that, 18.7 % had fungal
infections more than once a month,33.7 % were not taking any treatment
for fungal infection, 31.2% were taking home and natural remedies,
22.5 % were using topical antifungal creams (some containing steroids)
or suppositories and 12.5% were taking oral anti-fungal medication.
Conclusion: Diabetic patients have increased susceptibility to various
infections, including fungal infections emphasising the need for
comprehensive research and effective management strategies. This
study highlights the need for effective preventive strategieswhich could
significantly reduce healthcare costs and improve patients’ quality of life.

How to cite this article:
John N, Rani S, Bhattarcharya S, Negi A. A
Descriptive Study to Assess the Prevalence of
Fungal Infections among Patients with Diabetes
Mellitus and Hypertension and Their Risk
Factors in a Community of Delhi. J Commun
Dis. 2025;57(1):1-8.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202501

Aedes-borne disease awareness in Thiruvarur District of Tamil Nadu, India

Liston FDO R — 2025-04-03

Background: In India, vector-borne diseases account for the high burden
of all infectious diseases (WHO, 2020). Among these, Dengue Fever
(DF) is the most common viral disease transmitted by Aedes spp. such
as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.
Aim of the study: This study aimed to identify and assess the Knowledge,
Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Dengue fever among the University /
College students in Thiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu, India.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at 13 University/
Colleges from Thiruvarur district. The targeted study group was above
the age group of 17 years from the rural and urban settings of Thiruvarur
district. The study instrument contains a questionnaire on knowledge,
attitude, and practices regarding Dengue fever in university/ college
students.
Results: In the present study, the prime source from which the students
received information on Dengue Knowledge was from TV (68.6%). There
was significant association between knowledge level and educational
level (X2
= 3.964, df=1, p < 0.05), between knowledge, attitude and
practices with the Institutional type (X2

= 4.35, 6.315, 6.662 df=1, p <

0.05) and between practices and gender (X2

= 3.866 df=1, p < 0.05). There
was positive moderate correlation between Knowledge and Attitude
(r=0.441), between Attitude and Practice (r=0.606), and there was a
positive weak correlation between Knowledge and Practice (r=0.374).
Conclusion: Despite having sufficient knowledge regarding dengue
fever, students is still lacking in the knowledge of vector transmission
and breeding grounds. This suggests that the public health authorities
should implement future intervention strategies and conduct health
education programs.

How to cite this article:
Liston F D O R, Hatibaruah A, Jeevith S B, Farhat
S K, Anbalagan R, Philip N E, Krishnan J, Binduja
S. Aedes-borne disease awareness in Thiruvarur
District of Tamil Nadu, India. J Commun Dis.
2025;57(1):9-19.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202502

An Integrated Multi-Agent Frameworks for COVID-19 Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques

Rupinder Kaur Walia — 2025-04-03

The SARSCoV-2 virus causes the infectious illness known as coronavirus
disease (COVID-19). In recent decades, COVID-19 has become the most
infectious disease. Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from this
disease. Because of the restricted availability and sensitivity of testing
kits, doctors and researchers have turned to computer tomography
(CT) scans to screen for COVID-19. Recent technological developments
and the widespread use of machine learning (ML) and deep learning
(DL) techniques have shown high potential in terms of more accurate
COVID-19 detection. Therefore, in this paper, we have developed two
multi-agent frameworks for COVID-19 detection using the ML and DL
algorithms. In the first framework, several ML algorithms, namely, KNN,

LR, and SVM, are employed. Further, ensemble learning and hypertun-
ing of the ML algorithms is done using the grid search method. Next,

reinforcement learning method Q learning agent is used to update the
multi-agent framework. On the other hand, the second multi-agent
framework is developed with the help of lightweight ResNet and
reinforcement PPO algorithms. Further, in both frameworks, feature
selection is done using the LRP-ET method to determine the appropriate
features from the dataset. The experimental results are performed on
the Google Colab software for the standard dataset. The dataset is split
into an 80:20 ratio to train and test the frameworks. The evaluation
of both frameworks is done using the various parameters, namely,
accuracy, precision, recall, and F-score. The results show that both
frameworks outperform the existing models. Finally, the comparison
of both frameworks shows that the second framework, which is based
on deep learning, performs superiorly over the first framework, which
is based on ML, due to efficiently handling complex data.

How to cite this article:
Walia R K, Kaur H. An Integrated Multi-Agent
Frameworks for COVID-19 Detection Using
Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques.
J Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):20-32.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202503

Beyond the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897: Rethinking India’s Public Health Laws for Pandemic Preparedness – Lessons from Singapore

Ankit Anand — 2025-04-03

The Epidemic Diseases Act (EDA), 1897, was enacted in the late 19th
century in the wake of the third plague pandemic in India and was
a significant step in colonial public health legislation. However, more
than a century later, the COVID-19 pandemic laid out how outdated
this law is for addressing current public health challenges. This research
article examines the historical antecedents and shortcomings of the
EDA, 1897, and compares India’s public health response with that of
a country like Singapore which has a comprehensive and exhaustive
approach to tackling public health through a legal mandate under
the Infectious Diseases Act, 1976. The article also examines the
Public Health (Prevention, Control and Management of Epidemics,
Bio-terrorism and Disasters) Bill, 2017 which tried to replace the EDA

but never came into being due to its centralisation of power and non-
consultation with civil society. The study compares the effectiveness

of lockdown measures taken against the COVID-19 pandemic in both
countries through a comparative analysis of COVID-19 data and stresses
that legal frameworks, governance, and public accountability are
critical in the management of epidemics. The study further provides
practical suggestions to reinforce India’s public health system, focusing
on revamping legal provisions, strengthening healthcare infrastructure
capacities, upgrading Centre-State coordination, and ensuring India
has access to devolved and contextual measures in future crises.
Adaptation of world-class practices including that of Singapore can
help India build a future-ready proactive public health system that can
ensure protection for its population against future health challenges.

How to cite this article:
Anand A, Ranjan P, Kumar R. Beyond the Epidemic
Diseases Act, 1897: Rethinking India’s Public
Health Laws for Pandemic Preparedness – Lessons
from Singapore. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):33-43.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202504

Biofilm Feast: Stringent Response-Induced Changes in MRSA and MSSA Isolates, Examining icaA/ icaD Gene Expression

Ali A Mussa — 2025-04-03

Introduction: The stringent response is a bacterial adaptation mechanism
triggered by stress conditions, including nutrient limitation. This
response helps bacteria survive under harsh conditions, such as those
encountered during infection. A key feature of the stringent response
is the synthesis of the alarmone (p)ppGpp, which influences various
bacterial phenotypes. In several bacterial species, stringent response
activation significantly affects biofilm formation and maintenance.
Methods: Clinical specimens were collected from multiple hospitals in
Baghdad, Iraq. Staphylococcus aureus was identified using conventional
biochemical tests. The PCR technique was applied to detect mecA,
icaA, and icaD genes, while the Vitek 2 compact system confirmed
Methicillin sensitivity in mecA-negative isolates. Biofilm intensity of all
S. aureus isolates was assessed under normal and starved conditions.
Additionally, the gene expression levels of icaA and icaD were measured
in five MRSA and five MSSA strains under both conditions.
Results: The mecA, icaA, and icaD genes were detected in 94%, 96.3%,
and 100% of S. aureus isolates, respectively. Biofilm production
analysis showed that 24% of isolates were strong producers, 49%
were moderate producers, and 9% were weak producers. Statistical
analysis indicated that biofilm intensity significantly decreased under
nutrient limitation (p < 0.0001) compared to normal conditions across
all isolates. Furthermore, icaA and icaD genes were upregulated under
stringent response conditions, regardless of Methicillin resistance status.
Conclusion: The stringent response influences S. aureus biofilm
formation, with biofilm intensity decreasing under nutrient-limited
conditions. However, the upregulation of icaA and icaD genes suggests
a regulatory role of the stringent response in biofilm-related gene
expression. These findings highlight the potential impact of stress
adaptation mechanisms on bacterial persistence and pathogenicity.

How to cite this article:
Mussa A A, Mathkhury H J F A. Biofilm Feast:
Stringent Response-Induced Changes in MRSA
and MSSA Isolates, Examining icaA/ icaD Gene
Expression. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):44-54.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202505

Community Healthcare Providers’ Perspective on Malaria Control in Difficult Terrains (DAMaN) in Odisha, India

Madan Mohan Pradhan — 2025-04-03

Introduction: Malaria remains a major public health challenge, especially
in remote areas with limited healthcare. The WHO-endorsed Mass
Testing and Treatment (MTaT) strategy targets high-prevalence regions
by screening and treating entire populations. In India, Odisha’s DAMaN
programme integrates MTaT with health services to combat malaria in
tribal communities. This study explores community healthcare providers’
perspectives on MTaT under DAMaN.
Methods: The study involved 53 community health workers (CHWs)
from five districts, including Accredited Social Health Activists, Auxiliary
Nurse Midwives, and Community Health Officers. Data were analysed
using thematic analysis.
Results: Three themes emerged: 1) Equity in malaria service delivery

among remote, hilly areas and vulnerable tribal populations, 2) Non-
malaria service benefits from mass testing and treatment of malaria

in remote areas, and 3) Challenges and suggestions for addressing
implementation gaps. The DAMaN programme has significantly reduced
malaria prevalence and improved healthcare access in remote villages
by integrating malaria control with broader health services and fostering
community engagement. It has strengthened trust in public healthcare
systems and improved health outcomes. However, challenges like
infrastructure, workforce limitations, socio-cultural resistance, and
resource availability need to be addressed to sustain its impact.
Conclusion: Suggestions for improving scheduling flexibility, increasing
camp frequency, incentivising volunteers, and fostering inter-departmental
collaboration could further strengthen DAMaN’s effectiveness and
sustainability.

How to cite this article:
Pradhan M M, Sahoo K C, Patra A, Nanda B, Bag,
Dey N, Sahu K, Pati S. Community Healthcare
Providers’ Perspective on Malaria Control in
Difficult Terrains (DAMaN) in Odisha, India. J
Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):55-64.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202506

Comparative Analysis of Hepatitis E and A in Children: Clinical Manifestations and Epidemiological Patterns in Kyrgyzstan

Kursanali Tashov — 2025-04-03

Introduction: Viral hepatitis E (HEV) poses a significant global health
challenge with limited research on its impact on children. This
retrospective study aimed to identify the clinical and laboratory features
of HEV in children and compare them with those of hepatitis A virus
(HAV) infections in the Kyrgyz Republic.
Methods: Clinical and laboratory data from children diagnosed with HEV
(n=31) and HAV (n=42) at the three regional hospitals were analyzed.
Results: HEV cases were predominantly male (74.1%), aged 1-5 years
(42%), and from rural areas (77.4%), while HAV showed no significant
gender or urban-rural disparity. HEV patients experienced a more severe
clinical course, with 13% classified as severe compared with 4.7% of HAV
cases. HEV infection resulted in prolonged symptom duration during
the pre-jaundice and jaundice phases, with longer periods of fever,
weakness, decreased appetite, vomiting, and abdominal pain (P<0.05).
Blood biochemistry revealed higher total and indirect bilirubin levels
in HEV patients (P<0.05) and lower total protein levels in severe HEV
cases (P<0.05). The mean hospitalization duration was longer for HEV
(17.2±1.3 days) than HAV (12.7±1.2 days; P<0.05).
Conclusion: The study found the clinical manifestations of children
with HEV were severe and longer in duration as compared to children
with HAV. These findings highlight the importance of timely diagnosis
of HEV and preventive measures, particularly in rural areas.

How to cite this article:
Tashov K, Anarbaeva J, Murzakulova A,
Abdyraeva B, Tashpolotova A, Abdikerimov M,
Djumagulova A, Mambetova M, Suranbaeva
G, Vityala Y. Comparative Analysis of Hepatitis
E and A in Children: Clinical Manifestations
and Epidemiological Patterns in Kyrgyzstan. J
Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):65-72.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202507

Comparative Evaluation of Rapid Antigen Detection Assay and RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis in a Tertiary Care Setting

Pinki Kumari — 2025-04-03

Diversity and Distribution of the Aedes Vectors in the Coastal Sites of Puducherry, Southern India

Iyyappan Velan — 2025-04-03

Introduction: Dengue poses a significant public health challenge
in Pondicherry. Understanding the distribution of Aedes mosquito
populations is critical for devising and implementing effective vector
control strategies.
Methods: This study aimed to measure the abundance of dengue
vectors through entomological surveillance methods and to evaluate
the potential for dengue virus transmission within the coastal regions
of Pondicherry. An entomological survey was carried out across nine
randomly selected localities within Puducherry, in and around the
premises, during 2019–2020, covering 180 households monthly.
Results: The analysis for the Adult Premise Index, per man hour density,
and correlation was calculated using the SPSS Version 16.0 for assessing
significant findings. The study found that Aedes mosquitoes infested
24.9% of the 537 positive houses. The adult density of Aedes mosquitoes
was 16.6 per 10 person-hours and the average number of mosquitoes
per house was 0.27 per 10 man-hours. The per-person-hour density
of Aedes mosquitoes varied from 8.0 to 23.7 and was more abundant
during monsoon months. Similarly, the adult premise index of Aedes
mosquitoes varied from 8.9 to 36.7 and did not differ significantly
in various months. Ae. aegypti was the predominant dengue vector
followed by Ae. albopictus, which was most prevalent in June and less
prevalent in February.
Conclusion: The current study provides valuable baseline data on the
abundance and distribution of dengue vectors in the coastal areas of
Pondicherry. Continued entomological surveillance is necessary to
monitor the effective of control measures and detect changes in vector
abundance and distribution over time.

Velan I, Prasad P, Baskar V, Venkat V, Anil A,
Ragupathi L. Diversity and Distribution of the
Aedes Vectors in the Coastal Sites of Puducherry,
Southern India. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):79-84.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202509

Drug Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis for Isoniazid and Rifampicin by Absolute Concentration and MTT method – A Comparative Study

Priya Santharam — 2025-04-03

Introduction: Tuberculosis has been a main cause of mortality and
morbidity globally. In spite of having anti-tuberculous drugs, elimination
of tuberculosis is difficult because of the drug resistance. In order to
achieve vital therapy selection and prevention of resistance, expeditious
detection along with drug susceptibility techniques are essential needs
of the hour.
Aim: To evaluate the MTT assay and the absolute concentration method
for determining Mycobacterium tuberculosis susceptibility to rifampicin
and isoniazid
Methods: 71 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were tested for
susceptibility to the first-line medications isoniazid and rifampicin using
the MTT assay and the absolute concentration method after sputum
samples that tested positive for acid-fast bacilli were gathered.
Results: Of the 71 isolates, 14% (10) were resistant to isoniazid and
9% (6) were resistant to rifampicin by absolute concentration method.
Isoniazid resistance was seen in 13% (9) and 10% (7) were resistant to
rifampicin by MTT assay. Isoniazid mono resistance was observed in
5 isolates and 1 isolate to rifampicin alone by absolute concentration
method. Two isolates that were mono-resistant to rifampicin and four
isolates that were mono-resistant to isoniazid were acquired using the
MTT assay. Both the absolute concentration approach and the MTT
experiment revealed that 7% (5) of the isolates were multidrug resistant.
Conclusion: Increasing numbers of resistant and multidrug-resistant
tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains have led to a daunting need for rapid,
reliable, and accurate drug susceptibility testing. Hence, we concluded
that the absolute concentration method is better than the MTT assay in
terms of simplicity of performance though the results may be delayed.

How to cite this article:
Santharam P, Govindarajan V. Drug Susceptibility
Testing of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
for Isoniazid and Rifampicin by Absolute
Concentration and MTT method – A Comparative
Study. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):85-90.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202510

Efficiently Predicting HIV-1 Protease Cleavage Sites by Using Deep CNN-Assisted Hybridised Approach

Navneet Kaur Bawa — 2025-04-03

Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is considered a vital
danger over the feasible development and on account of its pestilence
effect and nonattendance of reparable medicines. HIV-1 AIDS can be
constrained by utilising protease inhibitors. Different procedures for
predicting sites are utilised to comprehend the highlighted sites of those
proteases. Arrangement-based sites like physiochemical elements and
construction-based sites are separated from HIV-1 proteases. In this
article, a procedure for choosing those sites using a deep CNN-assisted
hybridised approach will be used for effectively predicting cleavage sites.
The proposed methodology was evaluated based on various Type-1 and
Type-2 parameters. The proposed approach gives superior results on
Type-1 and Type-2 parameters. Data746_setset provides an accuracy of
0.924, data 1625_set provides an accuracy of 0.946, Data_schilling_set
provides an accuracy of 0.9389, Data_impens_set provides an accuracy

of 0.911 and average dataset provides an accuracy of 0.921 for Type-
1 parameters. Data746_setset provides an accuracy of 0.84664, data

1625_set provides an accuracy of 0.34179, data_schilling_set provides
an accuracy of 0.69529 and data_impens_set provides an accuracy of
0.59511 for Type-2 parameters.

Saini S, Kaur G. Efficiently Predicting HIV-1

Protease Cleavage Sites by Using Deep CNN-
Assisted Hybridised Approach. J Commun Dis.

2025;57(1):91-95.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202511

Evaluating the Clinical Utility of C-Reactive Protein , Procalcitonin, and Presepsin as Biomarkers in Sepsis Diagnosis and Prognosis of the Infections

A K Singhal — 2025-04-03

Introduction: Sepsis, caused by an uncontrolled immune response,
leads to high mortality and poses challenges for early diagnosis due
to symptom variability. Standard blood cultures often fail, highlighting
the need for reliable biomarkers. This study assessed C-reactive protein
(CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and presepsin to improve early detection
and minimise unnecessary antibiotic use.
Materials and Method: This retrospective study involved 100 patients
with sepsis in the Medical ICU, adhering to the American College of
Chest Physicians’ guidelines. Blood samples were analysed for CRP,
PCT, and presepsin using appropriate assays. Data were processed in
MS Excel and analysed with SPSS (version 25).
Results: Among the 100 patients (median age 42 years), 56% had sepsis,
18% severe sepsis, and 26% septic shock. Common comorbidities
included diabetes (21.4%) and hypertension (19.6%). Significant
biomarker differences were noted: PCT levels were highest in septic
shock (6.5 ng/mL), followed by severe sepsis (3.2 ng/mL) and sepsis (1.8
ng/mL) (p < 0.001). CRP and presepsin levels also showed significant
variations. Sensitivity was 85% for CRP, 90% for PCT, and 92% for
presepsin, and specificity values were 70%, 75%, and 80%, respectively.
Conclusion: This study emphasises the varying efficacy of CRP, PCT, and
presepsin in diagnosing sepsis and its severity. The notable differences
in biomarker levels across sepsis stages highlight the importance of early
identification and intervention. Future research should investigate the
integration of these biomarkers with clinical scoring systems to improve
sepsis management and outcomes in infected persons.

Singhal A K, Bansal S K, Harith A K, Saha T K.
Evaluating the Clinical Utility of C-Reactive
Protein , Procalcitonin, and Presepsin
as Biomarkers in Sepsis Diagnosis and
Prognosis of the Infections. J Commun Dis.
2025;57(1):96-100.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202512

Evaluation of Treatment Outcomes in Shorter and Longer Regimen Treatment in Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Patients in District Etawah: A Longitudinal Study

Rahul Verma — 2025-04-03

Background: Multi-drug resistance tuberculosis is a worldwide problem with a notoriously difficult and challenging treatment. There are two treatment regimens for MDR-TB treatment.

Objectives: To compare the predisposing risk factors and treatment outcomes in two different drug regimens for the treatment of MDR-TB.

Material and methods: A field based longitudinal study was carried out among 50 microbiologically confirmed MDR-TB patients of age 18 years and above, enrolled from January 2020 to December 2020 of district Etawah. Variables recorded were socio-demographics, clinical profile and treatment outcomes.

Result: Mean age of the participants was 30.70±12.52 years. Most of the participants were female (58%) and belonged to Class II and III of Modified BG Prasad Classification. Most of the participants (62%) had BMI of <18.5Kg/m². About 93% of the study participants in the shorter regimen completed the treatment and were cured. The participants with no prior history of tuberculosis had better treatment outcome (p=<0.001).

Conclusion: The present study concludes that successful treatment outcome is more in shorter treatment regimen compared to longer treatment regimen.

Keywords: MDR-TB, shorter regimen, longer regimen, treatment outcomes, NTEP, India

Exploring Dentists’ Awareness and Approaches to Mucormycosis: A Post-COVID Orofacial Complication in the Context of Communicable Diseases

Mukesh Kumar — 2025-04-03

Iintroduction: COVID-19 has increased opportunistic infections like
mucormycosis, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Dentists
play a key role in early detection and management of post-COVID
oral complications, yet their awareness of mucormycosis remains
underexplored.
Objective: This study assesses dentists’ knowledge, attitudes, and
practices regarding mucormycosis as a post-COVID orofacial complication.
Methods: A cross-sectional study analyzed dentists’ demographics,
awareness, and clinical practices on post-COVID mucormycosis. Data
were statistically analyzed using SPSS 21.0.

Results: Among participants, 81.6% had a fair understanding of post-
COVID fungal infections, and 99.2% correctly identified mucormycosis.

However, only 77.6% knew its diagnostic criteria. While 87% recognized
mucormycosis as a complication, 72.8% identified rhino-orbital-cerebral
mucormycosis as the most common type. Additionally, 73% were
aware of treatment protocols, but only 17.8% had screened patients
in the past year.
Conclusion: Although dentists show strong awareness, gaps exist in
clinical preparedness and diagnostic accuracy. Targeted training can
enhance early detection, intervention, and multidisciplinary collaboration
for better patient outcomes.

How to cite this article:
Kumar M, Murugaiyan U, Jha A, Singh A,
Kumar B S, Venkatesh M, Arjun B, Kumari N.
Exploring Dentists’ Awareness and Approaches
to Mucormycosis: A Post-COVID Orofacial
Complication in the Context of Communicable
Diseases. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):109-114.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202514

Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in COVID-19 Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Study

Anita Omhare — 2025-04-03

Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus, which causes COVID-19
disease, rapidly spread to the entire world. COVID-19 mainly involves the
respiratory tract, now found to be linked with systemic diseases due to
multiple organ involvement. Limited data are available regarding the effect
of COVID-19 on various haematological and biochemical parameters.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried
out on 400 cases from March 2021 to August 2021. Two hundred
COVID-19 RT-PCR confirmed cases formed the study group and 200
subjects who tested negative were included in the controls to study
various haematological and biochemical parameters.
Results: Thrombocytopenia was significantly noticed in cases as compared
to controls (65.3% and 34.7%, respectively), with cases 2.45 times more
likely to be thrombocytopenic (p < 0.01). Leucopenia was 1.79 times
higher in cases (62.8%) in comparison to controls (37.2%). Moreover,
positive cases were 1.35 times more anaemic than control. The mean
indices for serum bilirubin (p = 0.020), serum creatinine (p < 0.001),
alanine transaminase (p = 0.081), blood urea (p < 0.001), procalcitonin
(p < 0.001) and c-reactive protein (p < 0.001) were significantly raised
in cases in comparison to controls.
Conclusion: Thrombocytopenia, leucopenia along with raised serum
bilirubin, creatinine, ALT, AST, CRP and procalcitonin may be beneficial
in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Meticulous assessment and correlation of
haematological and biochemical parameters at the time of admission and
simultaneously during the disease course will be helpful to physicians
in formulating individualised treatment along with decision-making
regarding requiring intensive care to those in need.

How to cite this article:
Omhare A, Singh S, Yadav S K, Yadav K, Chaudhary
S, Mishra K L. Haematological and Biochemical
Parameters in COVID-19 Patients Attending a
Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Study. J
Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):115-120.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202515

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding Dengue Infection: A Community-Based Study in Rural Cox’s Bazar

Ely Prue — 2025-04-03

Introduction: Dengue, an emerging infectious disease spread by
mosquitoes, poses a significant public health challenge, especially in
tropical and subtropical areas like Bangladesh.
Methods: We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study to
assess the levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards
dengue infection among 484 adult rural people in the purposively
selected Shikderpara and Muhuripara villages, Cox’s Bazar. Face-to-face
interviews were performed at the convenience of study participants
using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire.
Results: The mean age of participants was 33.3 ± 13.5 years, with
the majority (53.9%) extending between 18 and 34 years. About
two-thirds (72.9%) of the residents were literate. Most participants
demonstrated average knowledge (84.3%), a positive attitude towards
dengue infection (63.0%), and average prevention practices (57.2%).
There was a significant association between participants’ practice levels
and their knowledge and attitude (p < 0.05), along with a statistically
significant correlation between their knowledge and dengue prevention
practices (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Although the attitude toward dengue infection was positive,
knowledge and practices were average. This can be improved by
promoting community participation and implementing comprehensive
public health measures at all levels.

How to cite this article:
Pure E, Husna A L A, Rokony S, Thowai A S,
Moulee S T, Jahan A, Khatun A, Sarkar M, Bibi S,
Tabassum T T, Nurunnabi M. Knowledge, Attitude,
and Practices Regarding Dengue Infection: A
Community-Based Study in Rural Cox’s Bazar. J
Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):121-130.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202516

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of Rural Communities on Dengue & Evaluating the Most Effective IEC Method for Its Prevention and Control in Delhi

Ajay Handa — 2025-04-03

Background: Aedes mosquito prevalence in rural settings of Delhi is
strongly related to the changing lifestyle and ongoing urbanisation in
rural areas. Adequate awareness of dengue - its signs and symptoms
help in curbing the disease and seeking early and appropriate medical
assistance to save lives.
Methods: The study was conducted in rural areas of 3 zones namely
Narela zone, Najafgarh zone and Civil Lines zone of the Municipal
Corporation of Delhi. For assessing the most suitable Information
Education & Communication (IEC) activity, the knowledge level of

selected individuals was assessed using a semi-structured, self-
administered questionnaire. It was followed by different IEC package

materials. Based on the responses of villagers, the total score of each
villager was calculated. If the mean score of individuals was more than
50% then the villager was marked as having average awareness.
Result: Around 72% of individuals lack awareness regarding Aedes
mosquito breeding habitats and its role, being the vector agent for
dengue fever. Fever was reported by 59% of the study population.
Mosquito-repellent coils and mats were used by 33% of respondents.
Almost all of them used it during nighttime. Awareness about symptoms
of dengue fever improved from 26% of villagers in pre-IEC to 84% of
villagers in the post-IEC survey through the chaupal meeting method
of IEC as compared to other IEC methods.
Conclusion: This study can be an important source of baseline
information. Based on the findings of this study, now MCD may focus
on IEC campaigning through chaupal meetings with villagers to control
the transmission of diseases in villages.

How to cite this article:
Handa A, Ahir S P, Verma L R. Knowledge, Attitudes,
and Practices (KAP) of Rural Communities on
Dengue & Evaluating the Most Effective IEC
Method for Its Prevention and Control in Delhi.
J Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):131-136.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202517

Molecular Characterisation of Enterobacter Species Associated with Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection

Israa Adnan Ibraheam — 2025-04-03

Background: The most typical diseases brought on by Enterobacterales
are urinary tract infections (UTIs), which include community-acquired
and hospital-associated infections. Numerous such infections are caused
by the Enterobacter species, which is a member of ESKAP pathogens
known for antibiotic resistance. The current study aims to accurately
characterise Enterobacter spp., implicated in community-acquired
UTIs, by genetic methods.
Patients and Methods: A total of 50 midstream urine specimens were
collected from patients with uncomplicated UTIs. Specimen collection
was conducted from August to September 2022. The samples were
cultured on selective culture media under aerobic conditions for 24
hours at 37 °C. The isolates were primarily identified by standard
bacteriological methods. The molecular study included bacterial genomic
DNA extraction and the use of specific primers for the amplification of
465 bp of 16S rRNA gene, and sequencing along with the construction
of a phylogenetic tree.
Results: Out of 50 urine specimens, only 7 gave positive culture results
for Enterobacter spp. (14%), encompasses Enterobacter spp. 4 (57.1%)
and Enterobacter cloacae 3 (42.8%). These isolates were confirmed by
PCR for 16S rRNA gene and sequencing.
Conclusion: This 16S rRNA–based inclusive tree has provided an
extremely inclusive tool about the high ability of such genetic fragments
to efficiently identify Enterobacter spp. using this genetic fragment.

How to cite this article:
Ibraheam I A, Bermani O K A L, Banimuslem T A,
Alsaadi Z H, Saad A M. Molecular Characterisation
of Enterobacter Species Associated with
Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection. J
Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):137-143.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202518

Social Problem among Hepatitis C and B Virus Patients

Ahmed Yaqoub Kadem — 2025-04-03

Introduction: Hepatitis B and C infections pose significant global
health burdens, particularly affecting liver health and often remaining
asymptomatic, earning them the label “silent killers.” This study aimed
to assess the social challenges faced by hseepatitis B and C patients
in Baghdad, Iraq.
Methods: Conducted from December 2023 to January 2024, the

study employed a quantitative, nonexperimental, descriptive cross-
sectional design. Purposive sampling was used to select participants

from Baghdad Governorate’s Medical City Department/ Digestive
and Liver Teaching Hospital. Data were collected through structured
questionnaires covering socio-demographics and social parameters.
Results: The study revealed that hepatitis patients, predominantly males,
face moderate to high levels of loneliness, with a significant impact on
their emotional well-being. While they perceive moderate social support,
they struggle with feelings of isolation and social disengagement.
However, their social relationships with family and community remain
moderately intact, similar to healthy individuals.
Conclusion: These findings underscore the need for holistic care
approaches addressing not only the physical but also the social aspects
of hepatitis management to improve patients’ overall well-being and
quality of life.

How to cite this article:
Kadem A Y, Turki S G. Social Problem among
Hepatitis C and B Virus Patients. J Commun Dis.
2025;57(1):144-150.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202519

Detection of Virulence Genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Urinary Catheterised Patients

Huda Saleh khuder — 2025-04-04

Background: One of the most predominant health-related illnesses

universally is catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI). CAU-
TIs constitute over 50% of all hospital-acquired infections. Majority of

the healthcare-acquired urinary tract infections result from catheter
tubes implantation.
Objective: To reveal the existence and frequency of the fimH, Ycfm,
clfA, and Cap5 genes in two species isolated from patients with urinary
catheters.
Methods: During the period from November 2023 to February 2024,

a total of 50 samples of urine were collected from patients with uri-
nary catheters at Tikrit Teaching Hospital and private clinics in Salah

Al-Deen province, Iraq. Different antibiotics were used to examine the
antibiotics sensitivity test for bacterial isolates.
Results: Among the participants, 30 (60%) were female and 20 (40%)
were male, with ages ranging between 18 to 80 years and a mean age

of 42.06± 14.6 years. Sensitivity for isolates of S. aureus to antibiot-
ics was 100% for amoxicillin, 66.6% for trimethoprim, and 44.4% for

gentamicin and nitrofurantoin. 11.1% of isolates showed resistance
to ciprofloxacin. Among the K. pneumoniae isolates, 66.6 % exhibited

resistance to amoxicillin and trimethoprim, while 11.1% showed resis-
tance to ciprofloxacin. Molecular analysis was done for 2 isolates of S.

aureus and 2 isolates of K. pneumoniae based on their high resistance
to antibiotics. The results revealed that the clfA gene was found in
100% of S.aureus isolates, while the Cap5 gene was found in 50% of
S.aureus isolates. Also, the result unveiled that 100% of K. pneumoniae
isolates produced FimH-1 and Ycfm genes.
Conclusion: S. aureus and K. pneumoniae are common causes of urinary
tract infections in patients with urinary catheters. Virulence genes have
an important role in the pathogenicity of S. aureus and K.pneumoniae
in patients with urinary catheters.

How to cite this article:
Khuder H S, Khudhur S S. Detection of
Virulence Genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae
and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from
Urinary Catheterised Patients. J Commun Dis.
2025;57(1):222-230.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202529

Association between Vitamin D and Dengue Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol

Sonam Jalewa Agarwal — 2025-04-03

Purpose: To understand how vitamin D influences the severity of dengue
fever as per WHO 1997 and WHO 2009 classification, as many studies
have shown ambiguity in this respect
Method: The review has been registered in PROSPERO with registration
number CRD420251003676 and will be carried out in accordance with
the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and
Meta-Analyses) 2020 standards. Peer-reviewed literature will be used
to identify the studies. The literature search will be conducted using
the following databases: Web of Science, PubMed, PubMed Central,
and Scopus. Additionally, the academic search engine - Google Scholar
will be searched.; two reviewers independently will screen the titles
and abstracts of studies based on predefined eligibility criteria. The
other two reviewers will assess the quality based on the Joanna Briggs
Institute quality parameters. Heterogeneity among the included studies
will be examined using statistical measures such as I2

and Cochrane Q
statistics. Sensitivity and subgroup analysis will be used to assess the
findings’ reliability. If there are more than ten articles, a funnel plot
test will be employed to assess publication bias.
Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis, in the absence
of multi-centric studies, will explore whether Vitamin D deficiency
worsens dengue outcomes and if supplementation could help. The
findings from this study could help shape future treatments and improve
patient care. In areas where dengue is endemic, our systematic review
and meta-analysis will assist in pinpointing research gaps and direct
future studies and public health initiatives.

How to cite this article:
Agarwal S J, Jena P K, Kishore J, Sahu L S, Behera
C K, Panda S K, Agarwal V. Association between
Vitamin D and Dengue Severity: A Systematic
Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol. J Commun
Dis. 2025;57(1):151-156.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202520

Atypical Presentations of Tinea Incognito

Ravulapalli Lakshmi Sindhuja — 2025-04-03

Dermatophytosis is a prevalent superficial fungal infection involving
20–25% of the worldwide population, attributed to various species of
dermatophytes, such as Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton.
However, its clinical presentations in immunocompromised individuals
or those resorting to topical and systemic corticosteroids often mimic
other dermatoses such as exfoliative dermatitis (ED), dermatophytosis
incognito, inflammatory, or neoplastic conditions, leading to delayed or
mismanagement in treatment. This review focuses on the prevalence of
atypical presentations of tinea incognito and their diagnostic evaluations
highlighted through relevant case reports from the year 2019 to 2024.

How to cite this article:
Sindhuja R L, Rajasekaran K, Manickam
N, Vellaisamy S G, Gopalan K. Atypical
Presentations of Tinea Incognito. J Commun
Dis. 2025;57(1):157-166.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202521

Current Status of Communicable Diseases – International, National and Kerala Scenarios

R Rajendran — 2025-04-03

Communicable diseases (CDs) are illnesses caused by certain contagious
agents that spread from infected people, animals or contaminated
environments to exposed individuals. Transmission can occur directly or
indirectly through various methods, including contact, air-borne particles,
contaminated objects, or intermediary organisms. CDs are the most
important cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe. Infectious
diseases, once the leading public health issue in developed nations,
have become less prevalent. However, the advent of new infectious
diseases poses new threats, while communicable diseases continue to
be a major health issue in developing countries. Kerala has experienced
an alarming rise in morbidity and mortality due to communicable
diseases during the past decade. The state has encountered periodic
outbreaks of various infectious diseases, including Nipah, West Nile,
and Zika viruses. Additionally, the emergence of Primary Amoebic
Meningoencephalitis (PAM) as a public health threat and the endemic
status of dengue and leptospirosis in all fourteen districts emphasise
the rising challenges in disease control. Communicable disease control
requires a multi-faceted approach including vigilant surveillance, rapid
detection, and thorough investigation. Promoting good hygiene practices
through IEC and BCC, as well as providing prompt treatment, care and
support to affected individuals are essential components. This paper
offers a thorough examination of communicable diseases worldwide,
in India, and specifically in Kerala.

How to cite this article:
Rajendran R, Anusree S B, Sasi M S, Devi D S, Regu
K. Current Status of Communicable Diseases –
International, National and Kerala Scenarios. J
Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):167-184.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202522

Free-Roaming Dog Versus Stray Dog: Which is better terminology for Rabies control?

Pratap Kumar Jena — 2025-04-03

Introduction: Dogs have been an integral part of human life and human
settlements. Free-roaming dogs, often lack formal ownership but
remain integral to their surroundings. However, inconsistent terms like
“stray” or “feral” shape public attitudes, frequently leading to neglect
and harmful interventions. This review examines how language plays
a role in shaping public health strategies and attitudes toward dogs,
focusing on humane rabies control.
Methods: Using a narrative review approach, the study examines
research articles, policy documents, and legal frameworks like the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (1960), to assess the definitions,
cultural attitudes, and rabies prevention strategies for humane
management practices.
Results: Free-roaming dogs are diverse, ranging from independent
feral dogs to community dogs cared for informally. Many remain
unvaccinated and unmonitored, perpetuating rabies transmission.
Achieving 70% vaccination coverage is critical to breaking this cycle.
Success stories from Bhutan and Bali illustrate how humane strategies
such as mass vaccination and sterilization outperform harmful practices
like culling. Shifting from “stray dog” to “free-roaming dog” encourages
compassion, redefines public perceptions, and supports effective
management.
Conclusion: Aligning societal attitudes with humane legal frameworks
fosters safer communities for humans and dogs alike. Adopting
compassionate language and strategies promotes coexistence, protects
public health, and ensures that free-roaming dogs are treated with
dignity and respect. This simple change in terminology inspires a broader
cultural shift toward humane treatment and sustainable solutions.

How to cite this article:

Jena P K, Agarwal S J, Kishore J, Sahu L S. Free-
Roaming Dog Versus Stray Dog: Which is better

terminology for Rabies control?. J Commun Dis.
2025;57(1):185-190.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202523

Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapies: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives in Peptic Ulcer Disease

Akhil Arun — 2025-04-03

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a significant global health

concern, linked to peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-
associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Standard triple therapy with

proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and antibiotics, while effective in many
cases, faces rising failure rates due to antibiotic resistance, patient
non-compliance, and adverse side effects. Quadruple and sequential
therapies have been introduced, utilising additional agents like bismuth
and adjusting antibiotic administration. However, these regimens still
confront challenges, including drug resistance and high recurrence rates.
Probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus strains, have emerged as potential
adjuncts to standard therapy, and they have been shown to enhance
eradication rates and reduce side effects. Alternative therapies like
vonoprazan, a potassium-competitive acid blocker, and personalised
dosing based on body size and genetic factors, particularly CYP2C19
variations, are under investigation to optimise efficacy. Innovative
strategies, such as antibiotic stewardship guided by susceptibility
testing, have also been proposed to enhance treatment outcomes
while mitigating resistance. Patient education on adherence and proper
medication usage has been shown to significantly impact eradication
success rates. Additionally, broad eradication programmes aimed at
high-risk populations have demonstrated substantial reductions in
gastric cancer incidence and mortality, emphasising lifestyle adjustments
and early detection. As research advances, future therapies may
include antivirulence agents targeting H. pylori’s virulence factors and
new mucolytic drugs, promising better outcomes while preserving gut
microbiota. Overall, a multifaceted approach incorporating personalised
medicine, probiotic adjuncts, and patient-focused strategies appears
essential for effectively managing H. pylori infection and minimising
associated health risks.
How to cite this article:
Arun A, Rajesh N, Sreedevi M, Kardar K, Rakesh
A, Suresh S, Unnikrishnan V, Nawal A G, Menon L.
Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapies: Current
Strategies and Future Perspectives in Peptic Ulcer
Disease. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):191-196.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202524

Possibility of Invasion of Oropouche Virus (OROV) in Asia: A Real-Time Assessment is an Imperative Necessity

Sajal Bhattacharya — 2025-04-03

Oropouche orthobunyavirus (OROV), a viral pathogen from the
Peribunyaviridae family, is emerging as a public health concern in
South and Central America, particularly Brazil and Peru, since its
identification in 1955 in South America. The virus is primarily transmitted
by the midge Culicoides paraensis, though mosquitoes like Culex
quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Aedes albopictus might have
the potential to play roles as complementary and/ or maintenance
vectors. OROV has been reported to have infected more than half
a million people to date and causes clinical symptoms viz. fever,
headache, joint pain, and rash, similar to those of other endemic
mosquito-borne diseases, thus presenting diagnostic dilemmas. The
detection of OROV in the saliva and urine of infected individuals further
highlights its complex transmission dynamics. The reports of sloths and
primates serving as reservoir hosts in South America raise a warning
bell regarding its potential adaptability to new hosts viz. rodents and
bats if it gets introduced to Asia. Furthermore, the increasing global
trade and travel threatens to enhance the possibility of the risk of
OROV for cross-continental transmission, which has been clearly
evidenced by the recent cases reported amongst travellers returning
from South America to Europe and the United States. The diagnostic
confusion with other endemic mosquito-borne diseases like dengue and
chikungunya, complicates its detection and the ensuing control efforts.
The eco-climatic similarities between South America and Southeast
Asia strengthen the argument of the possible potential threat of OROV
establishing in Asia, especially India, where the suspected vector species
of OROV might support its transmission. There is, thus, an imperative
need for enhancing surveillance and monitoring, strengthening public
health preparedness, and undertaking research to alleviate the emerging
threat of OROV in Asia.

How to cite this article:
Bhattacharya S, Chatterjee P, Tilak R. Possibility
of Invasion of Oropouche Virus (OROV) in Asia: A
Real-Time Assessment is an Imperative Necessity.
J Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):197-202.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202525

Unravelling the Nexus: A Comparative Analysis of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Impact on Respiratory Infection Susceptibility and Outcomes

Rajeev P Thomas — 2025-04-03

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health crisis that not only affects
blood glucose regulation but also significantly impacts various organs
and body systems, including immune function. One of the most
concerning complications of DM is an increased susceptibility to
infections, particularly respiratory infections. These infections, ranging
from pneumonia to viral respiratory infections such as influenza and
tuberculosis (TB), and fungal infections like aspergillosis, tend to be more
severe in diabetic individuals, leading to prolonged illness, increased
hospitalisation, and mortality. This article provides a comparative
analysis of the mechanisms through which diabetes impacts respiratory
infection susceptibility, explores the types of respiratory infections
that are most common in diabetic patients and offers an in-depth
look at the clinical consequences of these infections. Furthermore, we
discuss innovative approaches to managing and preventing respiratory
infections in individuals with diabetes, including novel vaccines, precision
medicine, and integrated care models.

How to cite this article:
Thomas R P, Venkatachari K M, Ganamoorth S,
Sivaji R K. Unravelling the Nexus: A Comparative
Analysis of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Impact on
Respiratory Infection Susceptibility and Outcomes
J Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):203-212.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202526

A Complex Infectious Case of Dengue Fever with Thrombocytopenia, Acute Hepatitis A, Influenza B, URTI(Upper Respiratory Tract Infection), and Secondary HLH (Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis): A Diagnostic Challenge

Harshil Gadhiya — 2025-04-03

Worldwide, dengue is the most frequent trigger for viral haemorrhagic
fever. Although it is chronic in many tropical nations, instances from
non-endemic areas have also been documented on a regular basis in
recent years. Nonetheless, the World Health Organization’s revised
classification of dengue splits it into three groups: severe dengue,
dengue with warning signals, and dengue without warning signs.
Significant dengue is defined as those who have a significant vascular
leak, hypotension, severe bleeding, or severe organ involvement.
Hepatitis, the influenza virus, respiratory infections, liver failure, and
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) linked to dengue fever
have all been documented; most of these cases involved children, with
a small number of adult case reports. Fatal results including a 50%
mortality rate have been documented in the child’s research. Here we
have presented a case of a 17-year-old teenager with dengue fever and
co-morbidities of hepatitis, influenza, lung diseases, and HLH.

How to cite this article:
Gadhiya H, Radhanpura Y, Parekh K, Trigar P.
A Complex Infectious Case of Dengue Fever
with Thrombocytopenia, Acute Hepatitis A,
Influenza B, URTI(Upper Respiratory Tract
Infection), and Secondary HLH (Hemophagocytic
Lymphohistiocytosis): A Diagnostic Challenge. J
Commun Dis. 2025;57(1):213-216.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202527

Identifying New Common Mosquito Breeding Sites in Flood-Affected Areas of Shahdara South Zone of MCD and Adopted Strategies for Preventing and Controlling Dengue Malaria Cases in the Year 2023

Saurabh Mishra — 2025-04-03

Flooding significantly alters ecosystems, creating new potential habitats
for mosquitoes. These changes can increase the risk of vector-borne
diseases such as malaria, dengue, and chikungunya. This paper discusses
a case study of a Yamuna flood-affected area in Delhi to identify new
common mosquito breeding sites and adopted strategies for the
prevention and control of vector-borne diseases. We have examined
the post-flooding environmental changes, the types of new breeding
sites, and proposed methods for the identification and control of these
sites to mitigate the associated health risks.

How to cite this article:
Mishra S, Kohli S. Identifying New Common
Mosquito Breeding Sites in Flood-Affected Areas
of Shahdara South Zone of MCD and Adopted
Strategies for Preventing and Controlling Dengue
Malaria Cases in the Year 2023. J Commun Dis.
2025;57(1):217-221.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202528