Journal of Communicable Diseases (E-ISSN: 2581-351X & P-ISSN: 0019-5138)

Role of Latent Genital Tuberculosis in the Relation between Levels of Vitamin D and Anti-müllerian Hormone among Female Patients with Infertility

Abira Datta — 2025-06-30

Introduction: An association between low secretion level of anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) and low level of vitamin D in the study of female infertility has been established for a long time. This article sought to
find out the quantification of the association of the level of anti-müllerian hormone with level of vitamin D and the role of latent genital tuberculosis (LGT), considered a leading cause of female infertility, in
the association.
Materials and Methods: A total of 150 patients were recruited in this cross-sectional study who attended at reproductive medicine unit of Calcutta Fertility Mission, Kolkata. Patients were divided into two groups following the outcome of long time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to detect LGT. Levels of anti-müllerian hormone and vitamin D were measured for each patient.
Result: Medians of vitamin D and anti-müllerian hormone levels were significantly higher for patients from the PCR negative group (absence of LGT). The level of anti-müllerian hormone was significantly associated with the level of vitamin D (p-value < 0.01). More specifically, significant association was observed for lower levels of vitamin D and anti-müllerian hormone in the presence of LGT whereas elevated levels of anti-müllerian hormone and vitamin D were scattered most with the absence of LGT. Level of anti-müllerian hormone increased with vitamin D. Also, level of anti-müllerian hormone increased almost 3
ng/ml in the absence of LGT.
Conclusion: Association between anti-müllerian hormone and vitamin D levels was strongly affected by the presence of LGT. Low anti-müllerian hormone levels were strongly associated with vitamin D deficiency in
the presence of LGT while in the absence of LGT, elevated levels of vitamin D and anti-müllerian hormone were more dispersed with an insignificant association. Vitamin D deficiency and low anti-müllerian hormone secretion could be an indicator of latent tuberculosis and female infertility.

How to cite this article:
Datta A, Das A, Chatterjee S. Role of Latent Genital Tuberculosis in the Relation between Levels of Vitamin D and Anti-müllerian Hormone among Female Patients with Infertility. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):1-5.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202530

A Ten-Year Retrospective Analysis of the changing Antibiogram Pattern of Blood Isolates

Mohankumar Appadurai — 2025-06-30

Background: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) pose significant clinical challenges due to drug-resistant organisms, increasing morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.
Aim: This retrospective study analyses antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns in pathogens isolated from BSIs at Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, over a decade, from 2013 to 2023.
Methods: Paired blood samples were inoculated into BacT/Alert media bottles and incubated in a Bactec automated blood culture system. Positive samples were cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar
plates, and pathogens were identified by their colony morphology and biochemical reactions. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to test how sensitive the bacteria are to antibiotics, following guidelines from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).
Results: Findings show higher Gram-negative bacilli prevalence, peaking in 2023, with higher infection rates in paediatric patients and males. ICUs were primary BSI sites. Teicoplanin and vancomycin were CoNS (SosA)istently effective, while penicillin’s efficacy fluctuated. Sensitivity to cotrimoxazole and cefepime has increased over time.
Conclusion: These results highlight the critical need for continuous surveillance and robust infection control measures to combat AMR and improve BSI treatment outcomes. Enhanced antimicrobial stewardship programmes are crucial for highlighting the increasing threat of drug-resistant pathogens.

How to cite this article:
Appaduari M, Selvabai A P, Shanmugam P. A Ten-Year Retrospective Analysis of the changing Antibiogram Pattern of Blood Isolates. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):6-12.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202531

Adverse Events Following Measles and Rubella Vaccination Campaign in Children Aged 9 Months to 5 Years: Experience from An Urban Health Centre of Delhi

Malvika Singh — 2025-06-30

Background: Measles was responsible for an estimated 49,200 deaths among under-five- years- old children in India in the year 2015. In India, according to the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5 survey, 2019- 21), coverage of measles-containing vaccines (MCV), MCV-1 & MCV-2, at age 12-23 months was 88% & 59%, respectively. The MR (Measles & Rubella) vaccination campaign was launched to achieve the goal of measles elimination.
Aim: The study was aimed to record the various AEFIs among vaccine recipients during MR vaccination campaign through active surveillance.
Methodology: This was a prospective observational study. Five hundred forty children were vaccinated with the MR vaccine during the campaign. We included 530 children in our study as 10 children were lost
to follow-up. All the patients were followed up for 30 days post-vaccination. A combination of door-to-door and telephonic surveys was adopted to find out AEFIs among the vaccine recipients. All information was noted on a predesigned case record form, and collected data were transferred to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for analysis.
Results: a total of 82 (15.47%) AEFIs were reported, of which 74 (90.24%) were in the initial 7 days and 8 (9.75%) were reported in the next 21days. Of the AEFIs reported, the most common was fever (36.6%), followed by local swelling at the injection site (30.5%), upper respiratory tract infection (21.9%), skin rash (6.1%), gastrointestinal
symptoms including diarrhoea and vomiting (3.7%) and seizure (1.2%).
Conclusions: Active surveillance may help in finding and reporting the minor adverse events that could have been missed in the passive reporting of AEFIs by the parents. The MR vaccine introduced in the campaign is found to be largely safe for use among children aged 9 months to 5 years except for a few adverse reactions. We recommend further studies with a larger sample size along with prolonged follow-up
to evaluate the delayed and rare AEFIs.

How to cite this article:
Singh M, Nag V K. Adverse Events Following Measles and Rubella Vaccination Campaign in Children Aged 9 Months to 5 Years: Experience from An Urban Health Centre of Delhi. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):13-18.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202532

Anti-enzymatic Activity of Alhagi Maurorum Extract and Copper oxide Nanoparticles against Acinetobacter Baumannii Respiratory Infection

Marwa Amin Al-Rawi — 2025-06-30

Background: In respiratory care units (RCU), virulent bacteria have been an enormous burden in respiratory tract infection treatments. Many of these bacteria produce enzymes that are usually associated with virulence, resistance, and pathogenicity. Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most abundant infections in RCU.
Aim: The present research was conducted for the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) via Alhagi maurorum extract to study anti-enzymatic activity against Acinetobacter baumannii isolated
from sputum samples.
Methods: Sputum samples isolated and identified by growing on MacConkey agar, blood agar and chocolate agar, and the VITEK-2 compact system. Bacterial enzymatic activity was determined by the agar-well diffusion method. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) were prepared using Alhagi maurorum plant extract. Characterisation was done by UV-visible spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, Fourier
transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential analyses and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Anti-enzymatic activity of Alhagi maurorum extract, CuONPs and Alhagi maurorum CuONPs (AHCuONPs) was determined against Acinetobacter baumannii.
Results: The characterizations confirmed the synthesis of AHCuONPs with high purity and crystalline structure. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated a strong interaction between Alhagi maurorum phytochemicals
and CuONPs. Zeta potential measurements of +48.15 mV indicated the stability of the nanoparticles. The enzyme inhibition properties of protease-producing Acinetobacter baumannii were highly significant, with
a synergistic effect observed for Alhagi maurorum-CuONPs (AHCuONPs) and with CuONPs alone at 20% concentration.
Conclusion: The anti-enzymatic mechanisms of CuONPs and AHCuONPs represent a promising approach to combat the emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii and limit its virulence by protease-enzyme inhibition.

How to cite this article:
Al-Rawi M A, Al-Nuaimi B N, Al-mudallal NHA, Al-Rawi M A A. Anti-enzymatic Activity of Alhagi Maurorum Extract and Copper oxide Nanoparticles against Acinetobacter Baumannii Respiratory Infection. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):19-31.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202533

Comparison of Phenotypic Tests-Carba NP and Modified Carba NP Test for Rapid Detection of Carbapenem Resistance in Escherichia coli

Ravi Vashistha — 2025-06-30

Background: To determine the antibiotic resistance pattern, the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenem resistance in blood culture isolates of E. coli. Further, we evaluated and compared Carba NP, Modified Carba NP
Methods: Initial screening was performed, following which 21 carbapenem-resistant strains and four carbapenem-susceptible strains were selected for further analysis. Two phenotypic methods—the Carba NP test and the Modified Carba NP test—were evaluated according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute
(CLSI) guidelines. These assays rely on the biochemical detection of carbapenem hydrolysis, specifically the breakdown of the imipenem beta-lactam ring, which induces a colour change in a pH indicator.
Results: The Carba NP test yielded positive results in 18 of the 21 resistant isolates, while the Modified Carba NP test was positive in 20 out of 21 isolates.
Conclusion: The Modified Carba NP test is easier and cheaper than the Carba NP test, making it possible to find carbapenemase activity directly from Escherichia coli bacterial cultures. The test could be used in low-income countries with large reservoirs for carbapenemase producers and can be implemented in any laboratory
worldwide.

How to cite this article:
Vashistha R, Reddy B S P, Chauhan S. Comparison of Phenotypic Tests-Carba NP and Modified Carba NP Test for Rapid Detection of Carbapenem Resistance in Escherichia coli. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):32-36.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202534

Cytokine Profiles and Disease Severity in Measles: A Prospective Observational Study

Svetlana Chechetova — 2025-06-30

Dengue Fever: A Rare Perspective and Emerging Strategies for Sustainable Global Control

Priyanka Malaiyappan — 2025-06-30

Dengue fever remains one of the most pressing global public health challenges, driven by its increasing incidence, expanding geographical reach, and complex clinical manifestations. This review synthesises
current knowledge on dengue’s epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and clinical spectrum, highlighting the roles of Aedes mosquitoes, environmental factors, and socioeconomic determinants in shaping disease patterns. We explore the immune-mediated mechanisms underlying severe dengue as well as emerging insights into epigenetic modifications that affect both acute and long-term outcomes. The multifaceted impact of dengue is further underscored by its occupational, maternal, and neonatal health complications, which contribute substantially to the economic and healthcare burdens in endemic regions. Innovative therapeutic strategies, including the development of monoclonal antibodies and novel vaccines, alongside integrated
vector control and early warning systems, are advancing the fight against dengue. Future research directions and policy recommendations emphasises the need for affordable diagnostics, refined prognostic biomarkers, improved surveillance, and climate-adapted public health interventions to mitigate dengue’s spread and severity. Urban planning, though underexplored, has transformative potential in mitigating dengue through mosquito-resistant infrastructure and climateadaptive strategies. Future efforts must integrate interdisciplinary
solutions focusing on innovative therapeutics, targeted prevention, and strengthened healthcare systems to combat dengue effectively and address its evolving challenges in both endemic and emerging regions.

How to cite this article:
Malaiyappan P, Ramya E D, Arul V, Ganesan G.
Dengue Fever: A Rare Perspective and Emerging
Strategies for Sustainable Global Control. J
Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):45-56.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202536

Epidemiological Trends of Dengue in Nainital District: Effect of Source Reduction Interventions (2023–2024)

Vinay Singh — 2025-06-30

The present study deals with comparative epidemiological and entomological trends over the past two years (2023&2024) in Nainital district of Uttarakhand. In 2023, a total of 830 dengue cases were recorded, whereas in 2024 a of total 60 cases were recorded. In terms of the monthly variation in 2023, the dengue cases were started from the month of June (1), and the highest number of cases were recorded in the month of September (320), and the last case was recorded in the month of December (1), whereas in 2024 the dengue cases started in the month of September (10), followed by October (31) and November (19). The comparison reveals that the number of dengue cases was highly significant change (P > 0.05) over two years (2023 & 2024). In terms of age-and gender-specific distribution of dengue cases, the incidence rate in males was higher and the predominant age group was 21-30 years. The entomological survey was conducted from May to December in each year. The monthly variation of all the entomological indices, i.e. House Index (HI), Container Index (CI) and Breteau Index
(BI), was higher in 2023 as compared to 2024 due to enhanced source reduction efforts and increased community participation.

How to cite this article:
Singh V, Pant H, Kashyap J P, Bisht S S, Rajwar N,
Karthik D S. Epidemiological Trends of Dengue
in Nainital District: Effect of Source Reduction
Interventions (2023–2024). J Commun Dis.
2025;57(2):57-61.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202537

Study of Immunological Parameters IL-2, IL-6 and TNF in Patients infected with Hepatitis C Virus

Yousor Majid Jameel — 2025-06-30

Background: Hepatitus C Virus (HCV) infectious constitute serious global health problems due to their high mobidity and moritlity.

Objective: This study aims to access the values of interlukin- 2 (IL-2), interlukin-6(IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- alpha) in patients infected with hepatitis C virus.

Methods: Venous blood samples were collected from (100) individuals, including (50 patients infected with hepatitis C virus and 50 healthy people as a control group) were females, with non-significant differences (p = 0.84).

Results: The results showed that HCV infection was detected in 26 (51.0%) male patients and 24 (49.0%) female patients in comparison with the controls where 24 (49.0%) participants were males and 26 (51.0%).

Conclusion: It can be concluded from our study that there was a highly significant increase in the levels of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF- alpha in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV).

How to cite this article:
Jameel Y M, Khalil Z K. Study of Immunological
Parameters IL-2, IL-6 and TNF in Patients
infected with Hepatitis C Virus. J Commun Dis.
2025;57(2):62-66.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202538

In Silico Discovery of Low-Toxicity Natural Ligands for Mycobacterial InhA: A Strategy Against Viral and Bacterial Co-Infections

Ali M Jaafar Abdulsahib — 2025-06-30

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global challenge, intensified by drug resistance and HIV co-infection. Targeting enoyl-ACP reductase (InhA), vital for mycolic acid synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a promising approach. Natural products like flavonoids and alkaloids offer potential due to their bioactivity and structural diversity.

Methods: Molecular docking and in silico ADMET/toxicity predictions were used to evaluate kaempferol (flavonoid) and berberine (alkaloid). InhA’s crystal structure (PDB ID: 4TZK) was the target. Ligands were prepared and minimized using MMFF94s in Avogadro, and docking was done via AutoDock Vina. pkCSM, SwissADME, and ProTox-II assessed pharmacokinetics and toxicity

Results: Kaempferol showed stronger binding affinity (–7.1 kcal/mol) than berberine (–6.8 kcal/mol), interacting with residues like Glu219 and Trp230. Both formed stable hydrogen bonds and pi-pi interactions. ADMET predictions favored kaempferol, indicating good oral bioavailability and low toxicity, while berberine showed immunotoxic and genotoxic potential.

Conclusion: Kaempferol is the more promising candidate for InhA inhibition due to its higher binding affinity and favorable safety profile, warranting further optimization and experimental validation for TB treatment.

How to cite this article: Abdulsahib A M J, Al-Hussainy A F, Ali H H, Abdulwahid A S, Hamzah H F, Tuama S J, Zainab H A7, Kadhim W D. In Silico Discovery of Low Toxicity Natural Ligands for Mycobacterial InhA: A Strategy Against Viral and Bacterial Co-Infections. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):67-73.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202539

In Silico Evaluation of Curcumin Binding to Zika Virus (ZS3) Protein: Insights into Antiviral Potential

Uday Abdul-Reda Hussein — 2025-06-30

Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) (ZS3) is a growing concern, with no approved antivirals targeting its protease. Curcumin, a natural compound with broad antiviral effects, offers potential as a therapeutic scaffold. This study evaluated curcumin’s binding to the ZS3 NS3-protease (NS3-pro) via in silico molecular docking (PDB: 5ZOB, 5YOD), comparing it to Rupintrivir, Pemoline, and Ribavirin.
Methods: Molecular docking was performed using Autodock 4.5 and Discovery Studio to assess binding affinity of curcumin and the comparator ligands to NS3-pro. Key active site interactions and sub-pocket binding were analyzed.
Results: Curcumin showed favorable binding within the NS3-pro active site, interacting with catalytic residues and demonstrating higher predicted affinity than the comparator ligands, with broader sub-pocket contacts.
Conclusion: Curcumin displayed superior docking affinity and interaction stability at the ZS3 NS3-pro active site compared to known antivirals. These findings support curcumin as a promising natural lead for ZS3 antiviral development and future optimization.

How to cite this article:
Hussein U A R, Saad T M, Buni A J, Al-lami R B Q, Abdulrazzaq R, Shakir M N, Jasim A A A S. In Silico Evaluation of Curcumin Binding to Zika Virus (ZS3) Protein: Insights into Antiviral Potential. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):74-81.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202540

Methods of detecting Helicobacter pylori bacteria in patients with stomach ulcers and examining its resistance to antibiotics

Abdullah Zuhair — 2025-06-30

Background: One intestinal organism that has infected over half of the world's population is Helicobacter pylori. The aim of this study was to isolate and diagnose Helicobacter pylori and determine its resistance to antibiotics from patient samples by different methods.

Methods: Participants in this study included 125 patients with stomach issues of various ages, both sexes, and genders (60 men and 65 women). They underwent diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at the "Endoscopy Unit of Ibn Sina Hospital and Private Clinic in Mosul" during the period from November 2023 to January 2024.

Results: The results showed significant differences between patients diagnosed by endoscopy and rapid urease test, where 76 patients out of 105 infected patients had positive results. We obtained 40 positive isolates from the culture test, and antibiotic resistance was tested for Helicobacter pylori isolates, which showed resistance to amoxicillin and metronidazole, while sensitivity to clarithromycin and tetracycline appeared in about 90% of the diagnosed cases.

Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that following genetic confirmation by 16SrRNA, the sensitivity of culture for identifying H. pylori was more dependable than that of other tests. With a rate of 72.38%, the urease cassette test produced positive results in less than 30 minutes. This test is a quick and inexpensive way to diagnose H. pylori.

How to cite this article:
Karim A Z A, Alhayali M, Alzubaidi W T Y. Evaluating Different Methods of Helicobacter pylori Detection and Antibiotics Resistance. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):82-87.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202541

Molecular-based Implication of Epstein–Barr virus in gliomatous tissues from a group of Iraqi patients: A PCR study

Saif Anmar Badran — 2025-06-30

Background: Gliomas account for around 60% of all primary brain tumours. Gliomas' aetiology is unknown, yet neurotropic viruses, including an oncogenic Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), have been implicated recently in the pathogenesis of various brain tumours, including primary CNS lymphoma and glioma.

Objective: To analyze the rate of neurotropic EBV infection in cerebral gliomas from a group of Iraqi patients with primary gliomas.

Patients and methods: This prospective study was conducted on 65 brain tissues, 40 of them from gliomas, while the rest 25 brain tissues showed unremarkable pathological changes (and used as an apparently healthy control group). The Polymerase chain reaction was done for detecting EBV- DNA sequence, and the main clinicopathological features were recorded.

Results: 32% (8 out of 25) of the examined brain tissues were positive for EBV genome detection. The most infected brain tumour tissues with EBV- DNA is related to the age stratum (41-60 years), which accounted for 7.5 percent, while the age strata of (2- 20 years), (21-40 years), and (61-82 years) accounted for 2.5%, 5% and 5%, respectively. The brain tumour tissues with positive EBV-PCR results (and as based on the gender of patients) have revealed that the males accounted for 62.5% while females accounted for 37.5%. Positive EBV-PCR detection results from patients with various types of brain tumors were found as 20%, 8%, and 4% in glioblastoma, astrocytoma, and anaplastic astrocytoma, respectively.

Conclusion: Altogether, the apparently too high rate of EBV detection in the studied glioma samples can considered, in respective parts, in brain tumor induction. We recommend the use of advanced molecular studies to be done to confirm the currently obtained data to unravel further the importance of this viral infection in such tumors.

How to cite this article:
Badran S A, Ibrahim M S, Jusmani A, Al-Alwany S H M, Mahdy A S, Al-Sudani I M, Ali S H M. Molecular-based Implication of Epstein–Barr Virus in Gliomatous tissues from a group of Iraqi Patients: A PCR Study J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):88-94.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202542

Post MDA assessment for Filariasis in Urban and Rural areas of Balasore District, Odisha

Sai Chandan Das — 2025-06-30

Background: Lymphatic filariasis (LF), an illness caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, is a significant health and socio-economic challenge, particularly in under-resourced countries. The illness induces chronic diseases such as lymphoedema and elephantiasis, significantly impairing patients' quality of life. The research evaluates the reach and efficacy of the Mass medication Administration (MDA) program in Balasore district, Odisha, in assessing medication intake and adherence rates.

Materials & Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Balasore district from March to April 2023. A multistage selection method selected 300 families (100 urban and 200 rural) for a door-to-door survey utilizing a structured questionnaire. Key metrics such as medication coverage, effective coverage, and compliance were assessed. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS version 21.

Results: The MDA program achieved a total medication coverage of 93.6%, above the WHO-recommended threshold of 80%. Urban coverage was 97.4%, while rural coverage was 98.6%. The effective coverage was 92%, while the effective monitored coverage was 68.28%. Non-consumption resulted from apprehension regarding medicines (32.5%) and the perception of non-infection (25%). Minor adverse effects were observed in 6.2% of the subjects.
Conclusions: The MDA campaign in Balasore district exhibited elevated medication coverage and efficacy, surpassing international benchmarks. Myths around non-consumption, notwithstanding progress, necessitate additional community education to ensure the continuing elimination of LF.

Keywords: Compliance, Effective coverage, Lymphatic filariasis, Mass drug administration, drug coverage, Supervised coverage.

How to cite this article:
Das S C, Rout B, Sethi A K, Pati K C, Behera T R. Post-MDA assessment for filariasis in urban and rural areas of Balasore District, Odisha. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):95-101.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202543

Prevalence of respiratory bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19 and their antibacterial therapy recommendation

Ali Al-Fendi — 2025-06-30

Abstract

Background
Bacterial co-infections in COVID-19 patients can significantly influence outcomes and treatment strategies. However, the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these co-infections remain unclear, often leading to antibiotic overuse and antimicrobial resistance.

Objectives
this study aimed to assess the prevalence of respiratory bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients, identify common pathogens, evaluate antibacterial therapy practices, and provide evidence-based recommendations for managing co-infections.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 100 adult COVID-19 patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital. Demographic, clinical, microbiological, and antibiotic therapy data were collected. Standard respiratory sample culture techniques and antibiotic susceptibility testing were employed.

Results
Bacterial co-infections were identified in 30% of patients. The most common pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae (9 cases), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9 cases), Haemophilus influenzae (8 cases), and Staphylococcus aureus (4 cases). Resistance patterns revealed high resistance to penicillin and macrolides in S. pneumoniae, carbapenem resistance in 33% of P. aeruginosa, and methicillin resistance in 50% of S. aureus. However, all isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and colistin.

Conclusion
The study highlights a high prevalence of bacterial co-infections and antibiotic resistance in COVID-19 patients, emphasizing the need for regular co-infection screening and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Implementing targeted antimicrobial therapy and antibiotic stewardship programs is critical to optimizing treatment and minimizing resistance.

How to cite this article:
Al-Fendi A M R M, Shakir Z A, Al-Draghi W A. Prevalence of Respiratory Bacterial Infection in Patients with COVID-19 and their Antibacterial Therapy Recommendation at a Hospital in Baghdad. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):102-114.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202544

Rational Use of Antibiotics for Community Acquired Pneumonia in Thi-Qar’s Hospitals

Ali Saeed — 2025-06-30

Introduction: The hospital and laboratory findings of all adult patients who were hospitalized in Thi-Qar’s hospitals were reviewed during the period (1 November 2020 to 30 August 2021) with a clinical feature of
community acquired pneumonia.
Objective: Evaluation based on differentiation of community acquired pneumonia from other types, location of therapy, treatment strategy, and duration of therapy.
Methodology: We identified potential cases ranging in age from 23 to 75 years at the time of admission. The hospitals findings were requested and reviewed for eligibility. All data were collected by the Case Information Sheet (CIS) project, a general practice research database containing data from hospital patient records of about 42 patients in the Thi-Qar’s hospitals and the details of the database have been described. The Case Information Sheet contains coded and anonymous data on patient demographics, symptom, and treatment including their indications and dosage regimen.
Results: The study revealed that 19% were known to have CAP, the others (81%) had probability to have HCAP. All patients were treated as an inpatient (ward). It was found that 22% of patient should receive either macrolide or doxycycline, but their treatment was different, and 52% should be treated as an inpatient with moderately sever condition.
Conclusion: The study concluded that 40% of patients should be treated as an outpatient, 36% of patients should be treated as either outpatient or inpatient, and 24% of patients should be treated as inpatients. Also, 59% of patients had received over treatment, 24% had received under treatment, and just 9% complied with the guideline therapy. Finally, the duration of therapy was complied with the guideline therapy.

How to cite this article:
Saeed A, Atshan S S, Jabbar L, Alkufi H K. Rational
Use of Antibiotics for Community Acquired
Pneumonia in Thi-Qar’s Hospitals. J Commun
Dis. 2025;57(2):115-121.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202545

Risk Factors Associated with Respiratory Tract Infection among Children Less than 2 Years Old in Tikrit City

Raghad Saad Abdulkareem — 2025-06-30

Background: Numerous factors may contribute to recurrent respiratory infection. These appeared to be unavoidable during the first few months of life and are common throughout childhood. However, there is a
aucity of literature on this aspect of respiratory infections in Tikrit city.
Objective: To determine the risk factors for respiratory tract infections in children under 2-year-old.
Methods: The present cross-sectional research was conducted at Tikrit Hospital and enrolled 180 children with respiratory infections less than two years of age. The questionnaire was used for data collection and was administered by the interviewers to the reliable informants.
Results: The total sample size was 180, most of whom (169, 93.8%) exhibited recurrence of respiratory infection. 42.6% of children in urban areas and 57.4% of children in rural areas experienced recurrence. Among the mothers of children with infections, 38% were educated up to the primary level, 36% up to the secondary level, and 26% up to the college level. Amoxicillin (46%) was more commonly used for the treatment of respiratory infections, followed by azithromycin (22%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (17%).
Conclusions: The study showed that the recurrence of respiratory infection in rural areas with low- educated mothers was more than that in urban areas. Breast-fed children had the lowest percentage of recurrence as compared to mixed- and bottle fed children.

How to cite this article:
Abulkareem R S, Ibrahim I I, Al-Dorri A Z R.
Risk Factors Associated with Respiratory Tract
Infection among Children Less than 2 Years Old
in Tikrit City. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):122-125.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202546

Role of MRI in Diagnosing Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis: A Study of Spinal and Joint Involvement

Aditya Bhargava — 2025-06-30

Introduction: Musculoskeletal tuberculosis (MSK-TB), accounting for 1–3% of all TB cases, remains a significant cause of morbidity, especially in developing countries. Spinal TB (Pott’s disease) and tuberculous arthritis are its most common forms. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent neurological complications and joint destruction. MRI offers superior soft tissue resolution and has emerged as the modality of choice in early detection and disease characterization.
Materials and Methods: This study included 60 patients with clinically suspected MSK-TB involving the spine or joints. All underwent MRI with T1, T2, STIR, and post-contrast sequences. Imaging findings were assessed for vertebral and joint involvement, abscess formation, and marrow changes. Microbiological or histopathological confirmation was obtained wherever feasible. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of MRI were calculated.
Results: Out of 60 patients, 42 (70%) had spinal TB, and 18 (30%) had articular involvement. The most common MRI features in spinal TB were endplate destruction (88%), paravertebral abscess (83%), and disc involvement (76%). In joint TB, synovial thickening (72%) and joint effusion (61%) were predominant. MRI demonstrated a sensitivity of 92%, specificity of 85%, PPV of 90%, and NPV of 88% compared to confirmatory testing. The ROC curve yielded an AUC of 0.86, indicating excellent diagnostic performance.
Conclusion: MRI is a sensitive and specific tool for diagnosing MSK-TB, enabling early detection of spinal and joint involvement. It should be considered the first-line imaging modality in suspected cases for timely diagnosis and management.

How to cite this article:
Bhargava A, Ahluwalia V, Ahmad S T, Malani D R, Alam S A, Mohammed H U. Role of MRI in Diagnosing Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis: A Study of Spinal and Joint Involvement. J Commun Dis.
2025;57(2):126-130.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202547

The Efficacy of Flavonoids from Potato Peels (Solanum Tuberosum) Extracts Against Listeria monocytogenes Causing Listeriosis

Uday Abdul-Reda Hussein — 2025-06-30

Background: Listeriosis, caused by Listeria monocytogenes, remains a serious food-borne threat. Continuous monitoring and alternative antimicrobials are needed to curb emerging virulent, drug-resistant strains.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in raw milk and evaluate the in-vitro anti-Listeria efficacy of flavonoid-rich potato- peel extracts.

Methods: Sixteen raw-milk samples were cultured; isolates were confirmed as L. monocytogenes. Potato peels were extracted with 80% methanol and other solvents. Total flavonoid content and individual compounds were quantified (HPLC). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined against the isolates and compared with gentamicin and amikacin.

Results: L. monocytogenes was detected in 6 by16 samples (37.5 percent). The 80 percent methanolic extract gave the highest yield and total flavonoids. Quercetin was the dominant flavonoid, followed by hesperidin, rutin, and naringin.

Conclusion: Potato-peel flavonoids, especially quercetin-rich methanolic extracts, show potent in-vitro activity against L. monocytogenes, highlighting their promise as natural antimicrobials or adjunct treatments for listeriosis.

How to cite this article:
Hussein U A, Khalaf H S M, Al-lami R B Q, Ahmed
N, Shakir M N, Ibrahim Y A, Gati M A, Al-Jassani
M J. The Efficacy of Flavonoids from Potato Peels
(Solanum Tuberosum) Extracts Against Listeria
monocytogenes Causing Listeriosis. J Commun
Dis. 2025;57(2):131-135.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202548

The Effect of Streptomyces-Derived Bioactive Compounds on IL-6 Levels Exploring Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Properties in Bacterial Infections

Bassam Qasim Mohammed — 2025-06-30

Background: Streptomyces, a genus of Actinomycetes, are known for their ability to produce bioactive compounds, including antibiotics, with significant applications in medicine and agriculture.
Objective: This study’s aim is to investigate the effects of extracellular extracts from Streptomyces spp. on the inflammatory response, specifically interleukin-6 (IL-6), in various bacterial infection models.
Methods: Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the T2 strain was identified and shown to share a high similarity with S. actinomycinicus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed its close evolutionary relationship with other species in the Streptomyces genus.
Results: The study found that IL-6 levels were significantly elevated in infections caused by both sensitive and resistant bacterial strains, with resistant strains showing the highest inflammatory response. Post-infection treatment with Streptomyces extracts effectively reduced IL-6 levels in sensitive bacterial infections, demonstrating the extract’s potential antimicrobial properties. However, the treatment had limited effectiveness in resistant infections, as indicated by persistent high IL-6 levels. The extract alone did not significantly alter IL-6 levels, suggesting anti-inflammatory properties without triggering an immune response.
Conclusion: Streptomyces extracts may reduce bacterial load and inflammation in infections, but limited effectiveness on resistant strains necessitates further research for more potent antibiotic-resistant treatments.

How to cite this article:
Mohammed B Q, Risan M H, Issa Y W. The Effect
of Streptomyces-Derived Bioactive Compounds
on IL-6 Levels Exploring Antimicrobial and Anti
inflammatory Properties in Bacterial Infections.
J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):136-141.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202549

The Multifaceted Manifestations of Type 2 Lepra reaction: A Series of Four Cases

Navakumar Manickam — 2025-06-30

Type 2 lepra reaction is a Th2-mediated type III hypersensitivity reaction in leprosy, with a characteristic cutaneous manifestation in the form of erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Chronic ENL is described as recurrent or persistent nodules existing for more than 6 months’ duration. Reaction hand manifests with oedema of the dorsum of the hands, arthritis, and functional incapacity during type 2 lepra reaction. The diagnosis of ENL is quite challenging because of its heterogeneous clinical presentations and prolonged incubation period. A 36-year-old female developed recurrent painful nodules with fever all over the body two years ago. She was also treated for rheumatoid arthritis 7 years back. She was subsequently treated with steroids, clofazimine, and thalidomide. A 19-year-old male presented with a recurrent history of fever, joint pain, and erythematous painful nodules over extremities after completing a course of MDT (Multi Drug Therapy). He was on treatment with steroids, due to which he developed avascular necrosis of the left hip joint and was later shifted to thalidomide. A 45-year old female having completed 2 years of MDT developed erythema and oedema of palms and soles with myalgiafor which she was given steroids, methotrexate, and clofazimine thrice daily. A 27-year-old male having completed the course of MDT developed swelling and pain in his fingers, for which he was treated with steroids, hydroxy chloroquine, and methotrexate. We report these four cases due to the unusual manifestations of type 2 lepra reactions, such as chronic ENL and reaction hand.

How to cite this article:
Manickam N, Senthil P, Palaniyappan D,
Vellaisamy G S, Gopalan K. The Multifaceted
Manifestations of Type 2 Lepra reaction:
A Series of Four Cases. J Commun Dis.
2025;57(2):142-149.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202550

Trends and correlations of major infectious diseases in Indonesia before and after the COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive seven-year analysis (2017–2023)

Siti Maryati Puspita Sari — 2025-06-30

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has profoundly impacted healthcare systems globally, potentially altering the epidemiological patterns of other infectious diseases. However, comprehensive analyses of these changes in Indonesia have been limited. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the trends and correlations of major infectious diseases in Indonesia before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic through a seven-year surveillance period. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed national surveillance data from 2017–2023 and examined seven major infectious diseases: tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, hepatitis, diarrhea, leprosy, and COVID-19. Data were obtained from the official database and provincial health offices of the Indonesian Ministry of Health. Statistical analyses included Pearson’s correlation coefficient and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify disease interaction patterns and temporal trends. Results: Significant disruptions were observed across all diseases during the peak of the pandemic (2020), with reductions ranging from 16.5% (HIV) to 35.9% (leprosy). Postpandemic recovery patterns varied substantially: tuberculosis cases more than doubled from 2021–2023 (397,377–821,200), whereas HIV/AIDS showed increasing trends, with unprecedented mortality rates increasing (1.64–22.27%). PCA revealed two principal components explaining 82.84% of the total variation, with respiratory diseases clustering distinctly from vector-borne diseases. Strong positive correlations were observed between tuberculosis and HIV (r=0.87, p=0.011), whereas COVID-19 was negatively correlated with most endemic diseases, particularly diarrhea (r=-0.77, p=0.043). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted Indonesia's infectious disease landscape, with varying recovery patterns, suggesting both healthcare system adaptation and persistent challenges. These findings highlight the need for strengthened surveillance systems and integrated disease management approaches in the postpandemic era, particularly for high-burden diseases, such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.

How to cite this article:
Sari S M P, Utomo B, Adnyana I M D M, Sari M, Adiwinoto R P. Trends and Correlations of Major Infectious Diseases in Indonesia Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Seven-Year Analysis (2017–2023).J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):150-168.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202551

Proximate Determinants and Burden of Tuberculosis (TB) in Indigenous People Worldwide: A Systematic Review

Chinmoyee Deori — 2025-06-30

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health challenge, particularly among Indigenous populations worldwide. Indigenous communities often experience socioeconomic disadvantages, including poverty, overcrowding, food insecurity, and limited access to healthcare, all of which contribute to the high burden of TB. This systematic review aims to analyse the proximate determinants and burden of TB among Indigenous populations globally.
Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Literature from 1985 to 2022 was searched across multiple databases, including PubMed, Embase, Medline, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL. Eligible studies included observational studies, cohort studies, and qualitative research addressing TB burden and as sociated determinants in Indigenous communities. Data were extracted based on variables such as TB prevalence, socioeconomic determinants, healthcare access, and regional disparities.
Results: From an initial search of 120,324 articles, 310 were included in the final review. Among them, 210 focused on proximate TB determinants, 20 on TB burden, and 46 on Indigenous populations worldwide. Key findings highlighted high TB prevalence in Indigenous populations, with significant disparities across regions. Overcrowding, malnutrition, excessive alcohol consumption, diabetes, and limited healthcare access were primary contributors. TB incidence was highest among the Saharia tribe in India, the Yanomami in Brazil, and the Fulani in Chad.
Conclusion: Indigenous populations experience disproportionately high TB burdens due to structural and social determinants. Addressing TB among these communities requires targeted public health interventions, improved healthcare access, and culturally sensitive approaches. Collaborative efforts between policymakers, healthcare providers, and Indigenous communities are essential for effective TB control.

How to cite this article:
Deori C, Hujuri L, Sonowal T, Kalita B, Bharali
A J. Proximate Determinants and Burden
of Tuberculosis (TB) in Indigenous People
Worldwide: A Systematic Review. J Commun
Dis. 2025;57(2):169-177.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202552

Evolving perspectives on corticosteroid use in COVID-19: From pre- to post-vaccination era

Harshitha Chowdary Chebrolu — 2025-06-30

In treating severe COVID-19, especially for patients requiring respiratory support, corticosteroids such as dexamethasone are crucial because of their anti-inflammatory properties that counter the “cytokine storm,” which exacerbates respiratory issues and can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The RECOVERY trial indicated that dexamethasone significantly reduced mortality in patients on invasive mechanical ventilation and those receiving oxygen, but no survival benefit was observed in mild cases without oxygen support. The effectiveness of corticosteroids depends on the timing, dosage, and disease severity, with early administration or higher doses linked to increased mortality. They may also prolong viral shedding and increase the risk of secondary infections and complications such as hyperglycaemia and osteonecrosis. With widespread vaccination, the necessity for corticosteroids has decreased, as vaccinated individuals generally experience milder symptoms, although severe illness persists among the unvaccinated and those with breakthrough infections. Corticosteroids are commonly used for severe cases in Asia and Central Asia, which is consistent with WHO recommendations. Their adoption is influenced by the regional healthcare infrastructure, resources, and cultural factors. Future research should refine corticosteroid use by considering new variants and patient-specific factors and optimise combination therapies for better safety and efficacy.

How to cite this article:
Chebrolu H C, Reddy V S, Kalmamatova Z, Patwa
M K, Earni S C, Kanteti K P. Evolving perspectives
on corticosteroid use in COVID-19: From
pre- to post-vaccination era. J Commun Dis.
2025;57(2):178-183

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202553

Epidemics and Healthcare Evolution in Kutch, India (1800-1947): A Historical Perspective on Communicable Diseases

Richa Sharma — 2025-06-30

This research, Epidemics and Healthcare Evolution in Kutch (1800-1947): A Historical Perspective on Communicable Diseases, explores the evolution of healthcare in Kutch, emphasising the coexistence and transformation of indigenous and modern medical systems. The region, known for its distinct geographical and socio-cultural identity, witnessed significant changes in healthcare due to recurrent epidemics such as plague, cholera, and smallpox. These outbreaks gave opportunity to colonisers to go for incorporation of Western medicine, alongside prevailing Ayurveda and indigenous healing practices like Unani, Siddha, and naturopathy. The study examines how geological factors, historical events, and socio-political influences shaped healthcare strategies in Kutch, leading to the establishment of dispensaries and state-sponsored medical interventions. Using archival sources, historical records, and government reports, this research highlights the role of local leadership, community resilience, and colonial policies in epidemic management. By situating Kutch’s medical history within a broader socio-cultural and environmental framework, this study provides valuable insights into the intersection of traditional medicine and public health, offering perspectives relevant to contemporary infectious disease management and healthcare planning.

How to cite this article:
Sharma R, Sharma G. Epidemics and Healthcare
Evolution in Kutch, India (1800-1947): A Historical
Perspective on Communicable Diseases. J
Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):184-191.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202554

The The Enigma of Candida auris: A Review on Transmission, Outbreaks, and Infection Control

Sathyakamala Ravichandran — 2025-06-30

Candida auris (C. auris) is a species of pathogenic yeast that has emerged as a global health threat in recent years. It was first identified in 2009 in Japan but has since been reported in more than 40 countries worldwide, with an increasing number of cases and outbreaks. Infections caused by Candida auris are linked to significant mortality rates, particularly in vulnerable populations, such as immunocompromised patients and those in healthcare settings. It’s concerning as it’s resistant to multiple classes of antifungal drugs, complicating treatment. The exact modes of transmission of Candida auris are still not entirely understood, but it can spread through contact with contaminated surfaces, healthcare workers, or other patients. Control measures, such as strict adherence to infection control practices, including hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and appropriate use of antifungal agents, are essential to control and prevent outbreaks. There is a need for continued surveillance and research to understand the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and optimal treatment of Candida auris infections and to develop new strategies for preventing and controlling its spread. The emergence of Candida auris as a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen has posed significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. This review describes a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic challenges associated with C. auris infections. Furthermore, it explores the mechanisms of antifungal resistance exhibited by this pathogen and discusses current treatment options and infection control measures. Finally, the study outlines future directions for research and intervention strategies to mitigate the spread and impact of C.
auris outbreaks.

How to cite this article:
Ravichandran S, Appadurai M, Shanmugam
P. The Enigma of Candida auris: A Review on
Transmission, Outbreaks, and Infection Control.
J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):192-201.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202555

Understanding Monkeypox: Insights into Viral Evolution and Public Health Implications

Manoj Kumar Kumar — 2025-06-30

Background: The monkeypox virus, or MPXV for short, is a newly discovered zoonotic virus that is linked to the smallpox virus genus and causes human monkeypox, a disease that is closely comparable to smallpox. Scientists first discovered MPXV in laboratory monkeys in 1958. It mostly affects rodents and can spread from human to human or animal to human by respiratory droplets or contact with body fluids. Once limited to rural regions of Central and West Africa, outbreaks have lately shown a troubling worldwide expansion, prompting worries about public health.
Objective: The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the current preventative and therapeutic techniques for monkeypox virus infection as well as the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, reserviors,
transmission processes, diagnosis, treatment options, and vaccines. Given the virus’s potential to cause severe morbidity and its rising occurrence in non-endemic nations, a thorough review is required.

How to cite this article:
Kumar M K, Rajappa M C, Kesavan H,
Venkatasubramaniam N, Ramasamy S.
Understanding Monkeypox: Insights into Viral
Evolution and Public Health Implications. J
Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):202-211.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202556

Innovative Insights and Multidimensional Strategies for Addressing Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Review

Priyanka Malaiyappan — 2025-06-30

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) remain a major global health concern, affecting millions of people and causing not only physical symptoms but also emotional and economic hardship. While significant progress has been made in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, STDs continue to spread due to challenges like antimicrobial resistance, overlooked non-sexual transmission routes, and gaps in our understanding of their broader context. This narrative review explores current research with a fresh, interdisciplinary lens bringing together insights from microbiology, new diagnostic technologies, and cultural perspectives. It highlights critical issues, including rising resistance in lesser-known pathogens, the role of the genital microbiome in infection
risk and recovery, and how environmental and societal factors shape disease patterns. The review also examines innovative solutions like point-of-care testing, targeted prevention strategies, and emerging ideas
such as microbiome-based therapies, climate-aware health policies, and personalisedtreatments guided by genomics. By integrating these diverse approaches and embracing global collaboration, we can move
toward more effective, inclusive, and forward-thinking strategies for tackling STDs and promoting better sexual health for all.

How to cite this article:
Malaiyappan P, Prasad S, Arul V, Babudevaraj
K, Selvaraj J C. Innovative Insights and
Multidimensional Strategies for Addressing
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Review. J
Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):212-227.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202557

A Promising Future in Rabies Prevention: A Review of RBI-4000, a Self-Replicating RNA Vaccine

Vanya Gupta — 2025-06-30

Rabies remains a significant global health burden, claiming an estimated 59,000 human lives annually, predominantly in low-resource settings. Traditional vaccines, while effective, pose logistical challenges related to multi-dose regimens, cold chain requirements, and accessibility. Recent advancements in RNA-based vaccine technology offer promising alternatives. RBI-4000, a self-replicating RNA (srRNA) vaccine developed by Replicate Bioscience, is emerging as a potential breakthrough in rabies prophylaxis. This review gives a detailed look at how RBI-4000 was developed, how it works, its testing results, its benefits compared to current vaccines, and its possible impact on eliminating rabies worldwide. It also discusses potential applications of the self-replicating RNA platform for other viral diseases and explores challenges related to vaccine hesitancy, regulatory approval, and large-scale deployment.

How to cite this article:
Gupta V, Kishore J, Rani S, Bansal S. A Promising Future in Rabies Prevention: A Review of RBI-4000, a Self-Replicating RNA Vaccine. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):228-232.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202558

PROGRESS TOWARDS KALA-AZAR ELIMINATION IN UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

Shaukat Kamal — 2025-06-30

Kala- azar (KA) is one of the vector borne diseases (VBDs) slated for elimination from the country in 2021 by bringing down the Kala-azar prevalence to <1 per 10000 population at sub district/ block level. The two important interventions in Kala-azar control Programme includes Indoor residual spray (IRS) and active case searches (ACS) in the endemic districts. Out of 75 districts, 22 districts have reported kala-azar cases so far, of which six districts, Deoria, Kushinagar, Ballia, Varanasi, Sant Ravidas Nagar (Bhadohi) and Ghazipur, bordering or adjacent to Bihar have been considered endemic for Kala-azar and remaining 16 districts have reported sporadic occurrence of the disease either once or twice in different years. However, district Kanpur Nagar has not been mentioned in the reporting districts’ list, as Kala-azar case was reported from KGMU, Lucknow in May, 2017. The number of districts reporting Kala-azar cases never exceeded 07 in whole state except the year 2021, when reporting districts number increased to 8. The prevalence of Kala-azar cases <1 per 10000 population at block level has been achieved by the state and no block of Kala-azar endemic districts has reported >1 Kala-azar case per 10000 population at block level after 2018. Thus the disease has been eliminated from the state and the state sustained the achievement for a long duration till 2024. Necessary steps may be undertaken for its validation from competent institution. Steps like (a) active cases search drive for at least sweeping the whole population of the sporadic disease district, (b) complete treatment of the KA cases (both VL & PKDL), (c) complete coverage of population with IRS following the time line and quality of IRS as per NCVBDC guidelines, and (d) synchronizing intervention activities with neighboring state or country subjecting their areas for KA elimination, may be addressed to maintain the sustainability of disease elimination status in the state.

How to cite this article:
Kamal S, R Chandra, Kumar A, V P Singh. Current Status of Kala-azar Elimination in Uttar Pradesh, India. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):233-241.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202559

Viral Malaria-Induced Pancytopenia in a G6PD Deficient Patient: A Rare Clinical Intersection

Harshil Gadhiya — 2025-06-30

In a rare instance, a 22-year-old woman with malaria who also had genetic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) impairment developed pancytopenia. Pancytopenia is rare and led to more research, although anemia is a typical hematological result in malaria. Because of the danger of hemolysis, G6PD deficiency limited the use of common antimalarial medications, complicating the therapeutic course. Close hematologic monitoring and,-supportive treatment, including blood transfusions and G6PD-safe antimalarial medication, were used to
treat the patient. Other potential causes of bone marrow suppression, including viral co-infections, were excluded. This situation highlights the need for personalized treatment plans in complex medical cases and
the importance of considering enzyme disorders like G6PD deficiency in patients with unusual malaria symptoms.

How to cite this article:
Gadhiya H, Shingala R, Gajipara D, Sanja S, Radhanpura Y, Kalaeia K, Parekh K, Ajudia R. Viral Malaria-Induced Pancytopenia in a G6PD Deficient Patient: A Rare Clinical Intersection. J Commun Dis. 2025;57(2):242-245.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202560