Social Determinants of Adolescent Health: A Review of Inequalities, Gender Discrimination, and Policy Implications

Abstract

Abstract

Adolescent health is influenced by a complex interplay of biological, behavioral, and social factors, with social determinants playing a critical role in shaping health trajectories and sustaining inequalities. Socioeconomic disadvantage, gender-based discrimination, educational inequities, and social exclusion significantly affect adolescents’ physical, mental, and sexual and reproductive health outcomes. These social determinants not only limit access to essential health services but also shape health-related knowledge, behaviors, and opportunities, leading to disparities across population groups.

This review synthesizes evidence from both global and Indian contexts to examine how social determinants influence adolescent health, with a particular emphasis on gender-based disparities and the mechanisms through which inequalities are perpetuated. It explores the ways in which poverty, caste, rural-urban disparities, and social marginalization intersect with gender to exacerbate vulnerabilities among adolescents. Additionally, the review evaluates policy responses in India and internationally, highlighting achievements, limitations, and gaps in current strategies aimed at addressing social determinants of health.