Sexual and Reproductive Health of Adolescents and Youth: A Review of Knowledge Gaps, Service Utilization, and Policy Responses

Abstract

Abstract

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is a critical component of overall health and well-being for adolescents and youth, influencing not only their physical health but also psychosocial development, educational attainment, and future reproductive outcomes. In India, despite the existence of comprehensive policy initiatives and national programmes targeting adolescent and youth SRH—such as the Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK)—significant challenges remain. These include persistent knowledge gaps, misconceptions about SRH, low utilization of available services, and barriers in implementation at community and facility levels.

This review synthesizes current evidence on SRH knowledge, perceptions, and behaviours among Indian adolescents and youth, highlighting variations across gender, socio-economic status, and geographic location. It also examines patterns and determinants of service utilization, including factors such as accessibility, affordability, cultural norms, and provider attitudes. Additionally, key policy responses are evaluated with respect to their design, effectiveness, and limitations, providing insights into areas that require strengthening.

The review underscores the need for integrated, evidence-based approaches that combine comprehensive sexuality education, community engagement, adolescent-friendly health services, and policy-level interventions to improve awareness, service uptake, and health outcomes. Recommendations for future research and policy development focus on closing knowledge gaps, addressing inequities in service access, and enhancing the implementation and monitoring of SRH programmes for adolescents and youth. Strengthening these areas is essential to empower young people, promote informed decision-making, and ensure their sexual and reproductive well-being.