Cigarette Smoking: Neurobiology, Addiction and Treatment Implications
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is most common of all smoking devices both in terms of prevalence and health consequences. From the glowing tip of the lighted cigarette burning at a temperature of 800°C (1600-1800°F), the smoker with each puff draws into his mouth and lungs a hot potpourri of gases and many sized particles. Of the 7357 chemicals identified in cigarette smoke 70 are the known carcinogens. Nicotine is the main chemically active constituent in cigarette smoke responsible for causing addiction. Pulmonary absorption of nicotine, which is the most favored and perhaps commonest, occurs in a matter of seconds. Studies suggest that alfa-4 beta-2 nicotine acetylcholine receptor subtype is the main receptor that mediates nicotine addiction. Nicotine facilitates the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters to induce pleasure and mood modulation. Smoking is also reinforced by conditioning. Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation should reduce withdrawal symptoms and block the reinforcing effects of nicotine obtained from smoking without causing excessive adverse effects.
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