Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine (E-ISSN: 2349-7181 & P-ISSN: 2394-7047)

Micro - Nutritional Deficiencies in Employees of Oil & Gas Industry - A Cross Sectional Study

2024-01-02T12:31:22+00:00

Introduction: The oil and gas industry are known for its demanding work environment, long working hours and remote locations, which can significantly affect the health and nutritional status of employees. Nutritional deficiencies can lead to various health problems and reduced work productivity.
Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a representative sample of 73 employees working in the oil and gas industry. Data were collected through structured interviews & biochemical assessments, including blood tests for key nutrients. Participants’ dietary habits, lifestyle factors, and work-related variables were also assessed to identify potential risk factors for nutritional deficiencies.
Results: Preliminary findings revealed a remarkable prevalence of nutritional deficiencies among workers in the oil and gas industry. Common deficiencies included vitamin D3, iron etc. Work factors such as remote workplaces and irregular shifts were significantly associated with an increased risk of deficiencies. In addition, dietary habits and lifestyle choices played a significant role in the nutritional status of employees.
Conclusion: This cross-sectional study highlights the significant problem of nutritional deficiencies among workers in the oil and gas industry. The results highlight the need for proactive measures to address these gaps, such as tailored nutritional education and dietary support programs. In addition, optimizing working conditions, including shift patterns and access to nutritious food, can help mitigate the risk of nutritional deficiencies among workers. Addressing these issues can improve the overall health, well-being and productivity of the oil and gas industry workforce.

Injuries to Migrant Labourers at DMRC Site

2024-01-03T04:59:28+00:00

Introduction: Construction sector is a booming industry and involves many hazardous activities. Migrant labor in the industry is susceptible to various health and occupational hazards. A “migrant worker” is a person who either migrates within their home country or outside it to pursue work. Usually, migrant workers do not have the intention to stay permanently in the country or region in which there are many different risks that construction workers face on the job. The Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) has identified the top causes of injuries on a construction site, which include Falling from heights – A worker may fall from a building, scaffolding or piece of machinery to the ground below. Workers can also fall into holes or ditches on a construction site.

Results: In present study there were 64.00% males and 36% females. Majority of study subjects were in the age group of 18 to 29 years i.e. 49%. About 46% were single.In our study only 67.14% were aware about occupational hazards.

Conclusion: In conclusion, this study indicates that the causes of occupational accidents and injuries of migrant workers in the construction industry in DMRC include the lack of awareness and experience among workers, the deficiency of machines and equipment provided at the worksites, the lack of the proper personal protective equipment, the lack of training and the absence of qualified occupational safety supervisors.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Related to Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Feeding (MIYCF) among Women in the Tea Gardens of Dibrugarh District, Assam

2024-01-03T05:10:26+00:00

Introduction: Optimal nutrition within initial two years early and exclusive breastfeeding for first 6months and continued breastfeeding for 2 years or beyond, combined with nutritious, safe, age-appropriate, and responsive complementary feeding beginning at 6 months is crucial to avert stunting during infancy and early childhood and to disrupt the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices related to MIY CF practices among women working in tea gardens of Dibrugarh.

Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 198 women working in 18 tea gardens in Dibrugarh, with children aged 0-23 months. Based on a prevalence of 51.7% for children aged 6-8 months receiving solid, semi-solid food, and breastmilk, a sample size of 198 was determined, considering 20% relative precision, 95% CI, design effect of 2 and 10% non- response rate. From 177 tea gardens across 6 blocks; 3 tea gardens per block and 11 women from each garden using AWC registers were randomly selected and interviewed with a semi- quantitative questionnaire, to assess their knowledge, attitude, beliefs and practices. Additionally, 1 FGD with mothers in each block and 3 IDIs with a doctor, ASHA, AWW and ANM in each tea estate were conducted.

Results: Understanding about importance of diet was present in 90.6% of mothers while 86.4% recognized implications of poor feeding in child’s early years. K nowledge gaps existed, 9.4%and 16.7% lacking information on maternal nutrition and complementary feeding. Attitudes varied, 50.9% believes need for infant hydration from 4 months and 50.4% doubting malnourished mother’s milk quality. Practices showed discrepancy from knowledge: 25.6%practiced pre lacteal feeding, 61% practiced EBF. Traditional customs influenced practices:80% in pre lacteal, misconceptions like
harmfulness of colostrum persisted. Service providers identified knowledge-practice gaps, emphasizing influence of economic conditions and cultural beliefs. They noted malnutrition risks (30% infants affected) and highlighted importance of schemes, counselling, and addressing cultural misconceptions.

Conclusion: The study reveals a gap between mothers’ knowledge of maternal-infant nutrition and actual practices. Despite understanding the importance, traditional beliefs often override best practices. This calls for culturally sensitive education and multifaceted interventions to bridge knowledge-behaviour gaps and improve accessibility to nutrition services.

Uncovering Knowledge Attitude & Practices (KAP) for Personal Protective Equipment among the Workers of the Automotive Industry

2024-01-03T05:21:12+00:00

Introduction: Workers across automobile industries are exposed to a variety of hazards at their workplace. The use of Personal Protective Equipment‘s (PPE) is an important strategy for preventing exposure to hazards that could result in injuries and illnesses among workers in automobile sector. Despite the widely acknowledged benefits of PPE use, studies have shown that PPE use remains low, inconsistent and inappropriate.

Material and Methods: Survey was done primarily through well structured questionnaire. Random Sampling method used and Worker asked to fill the same questionnaire through google form. Results: 94% of participants attended training related to Use of PPE’s, 100% of participants using PPE’s regularly during work, 72% of participants agree to feel protected from any accident when wearing PPE, 81% of participants agree to PPE must be used in combination with other precautionary measures such as hand hygiene, 83% of participants agreed to feel satisfied with your current PPE.

Conclusion: This study provides the ground picture of awareness level and use of safety measures (PPE) among the automobile workers. The level of awareness and PPE use is excellent, and very well highlights safe workplace environment for the workers. Personal protective equipment‘s (PPE),such as helmets, goggles, gloves, face shields, dust masks, safety shoes and safety glasses, are often very effective when donned and well fitted in preventing the exposure or impact to the various body parts of foreign bodies, chemicals, hot particles, biological agents, and radiation.

Musculoskeletal Disorders and its Associated Factors among Laundry Workers: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

2024-01-03T05:30:32+00:00

A Study of Physical Health Problems and Associated Risk Factors among Construction Workers in National Capital Region of Delhi

2024-01-03T05:40:55+00:00

Chronic Liver Disease in Tea Garden Community Individual: A Case Study

2024-01-03T05:52:58+00:00

Introduction: Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) is a substantial public health concern, primarily attributed to alcohol consumption, viral infections, and metabolic syndromes. This study presents a case from a tea garden community where daily consumption of local liquor is prevalent. The patient’s background, coupled with daily liquor intake, provides a unique perspective on the socio-economic and lifestyle factors affecting health in such communities.
Material and Methods: A 30-year-old male from a tea garden community with a history of consuming local liquor daily for last 10 years was studied. Comprehensive assessments were performed, including a detailed clinical history, physical examination, laboratory investigations (CBC, LFT, KFT, Coagulation profile) and imaging studies (Abdominal ultrasound). Conservative treatment protocol was followed using Tab Rifaximin 550 mg, furosemide + spironolactone (20/50), IVF- Human Albumin 20%, Tab Carvedilol 3.125mg. Patient’s socio-economic status, lifestyle, dietary habits,
and local liquor consumption patterns were evaluated through structured interviews.
Results: Patient has been experiencing increasing abdominal distension, associated with feeling of fullness and discomfort. The patient reported daily consumption of local liquor, 200ml/day typically unregulated and of varying quality, for over 10 years. On G/Epatient appears chronically ill, with pallor and mild icterus noted. The abdomen is soft, non-tender, with a fluid thrill present. Laboratory results revealed elevated liver enzymes (ALP- 161 U/L), prolonged prothrombin time (14.7 sec), and thrombocytopenia, Albumin-2.47 gm/dl, Globulin-4.32 gm/dl and Hb-8.7 gm/dl. Additionally, the patient’s low socio-economic status, poor nutritional intake, and lack of access to healthcare services were notable, illustrating the multifactorial nature of CLD in this population.

Conclusion: This case underscores the significant impact of daily local liquor consumption on the development of CLD in tea garden communities. It is imperative to implement community-based interventions, including awareness programs, regular health check-ups, and improved access to healthcare services, to mitigate the risks associated with CLD in such communities.

Is the Work Pressure Accelerating Blood Pressure - A Cross Sectional Study in a Pressure Cooker Manufacturing Industry

2024-01-03T05:58:03+00:00

Introduction: High blood pressure is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in current scenario. Epidemiological studies have shown that psychosocial factors such that, workplace psychosocial health may also contribute to high blood pressure.Accumulative effect on frequent or continuous exposure to work related strain, job dissatisfaction and lack of Peer /Social supports can affect the both psychological and physical health.
Material and Methods: Cross-sectional observation study, on comparing both reading of blood pressure of same individuals, first reading on entering the factory for the work and second reading after the 4th hour of his/ her 8-hours shift then variations of blood Pressure had been noted.

Results: One employee has 32 mmHg of systolic blood pressure variation on comparing both reading of blood pressure and one employee found to be newly diagnosis hypertension on this screening. Risk of cardiovascular disease due to hypertension found to be less among the employees of that particular manufacturing plant in that particular time.

Conclusion: Risk of cardiovascular disease due to hypertension found to be less among the employees of that particular manufacturing plant in that particular time.

Assessment of Personal Exposure to Lead and Blood Lead Levels in Peri-Industrial Vicinities of Ahmedabad: A Pilot Study

2024-01-03T06:36:52+00:00

Exploring PM chemical Composition and personal exposure in Auto Repair Garages: A Glimpse into the Grit and Grime of Garage Workers

2024-01-03T06:48:11+00:00

Dealing with Extreme Weather Events - A Vulnerability Assessment Study, Current Status and Way Forward

2024-01-03T10:26:34+00:00

Introduction: Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of daily weather extremes. Extreme weather events can result in damage to health. As climate-related events become more frequent and intense, the implications for healthcare systems and access to medical services become even more pronounced. The study aims to estimate the vulnerability of India and its states towards the extreme weather condition by calculating a vulnerability index by identifying the specific extreme weather conditions in India. It also explores ways to make the healthcare system
resilient to climate change
Methodology: The study combines quantitative data analysis and qualitative content analysis to assess vulnerability, analyse the current healthcare system, and propose recommendations for managing extreme weather events impact on healthcare. Secondary data on historical climate and weather from IMD, was collected to identify patterns and trends in extreme weather events in India. Healthcare Data on healthcare infrastructure, admissions rate related to extreme weather events, disease outbreaks, was collected from reports of NFHS, NITI AAYOG etc. Policy documents, reports, and research articles related to healthcare system preparedness for extreme weather conditions were analysed quantitatively to identify vulnerability indicators such as healthcare infrastructure, resource availability, adaptive capacity, population density, and previous disaster experiences. Vulnerability index was calculated by combining selected indicators using appropriate weighting and normalization techniques to quantify the vulnerability of the healthcare system to extreme weather events. After the calculation of the sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity separately, vulnerability index was calculated by using the following formula: - Vulnerability is equal to exposure plus sensitivity minus adaptive capacity.
Results: The association between daily variation in meteorological conditions and mortality has been well established from studies on wide range of populations in India. The ten most vulnerable states to extreme weather events due to climate change according to the estimations on vulnerability index are Meghalaya at the topmost followed by Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, West Bengal, Assam, Karnataka, Odisha, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh. Thera are gaps in healthcare delivery like inadequate infrastructure, limited resources, and fragmented coordination between different
levels of healthcare services.
Conclusion: The study shows that linkages between climate change and human health are complex and multi-layered and predictions of the future health impacts of climate change are still uncertain. The current state of the Indian healthcare system reveals several gaps that must be addressed to effectively tackle the challenges posed by extreme weather conditions. Precisely at a time when India is confronted with development imperatives, we will also be severely impacted by climate change. With close economic ties to natural resources and climate-sensitive sectors, India may face a major threat, and require serious adaptive capacity to combat extreme weather events due to climate change.

Effectiveness of Air Purifiers in Mitigating Indoor Air Pollution: A Narrative Review

2024-01-03T10:33:12+00:00

Introduction: Air pollution poses significant threat to public health and the environment. Household air pollution was responsible for an estimated 3.2 million deaths per year in 2020, including 237,000 deaths of children under the age of 5 world-wide. Household air pollution exposure leads to Non-communicable diseases including stroke, ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. The impact of indoor air pollution on impact of health, economic burden and quality of life suggests the importance of further investigation and discussions on this topic.
Material and Methods: Literature search using MeSH terms and keywords in PubMed and Google Scholar was done. Inclusion criteria: Freely available English articles.Following concept was used.((Effectiveness OR Intervention)) AND ( Air Purifiers OR Air Filters*[MeSH] OR HEPA filter)) AND ( Air Pollution OR Air Pollution,Indoor/analysis[MeSH] OR Particulate Matter/analysis[MeSH] OR PM) AND India. Similar concept was used in Advanced Google Scholar “Effectiveness of air purifiers”. The search resulted in 33 (PubMed),9 (Google Scholar). After thoroughly scrutinising all abstracts, only 18 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The full texts were downloaded and included in the review. After screening for duplication and going through the title and abstracts, 5 relevant articles were obtained.
Results: This review critically examines the effectiveness of air purifiers in reducing indoor air pollution. We have obtained a mean reduction of PM 2.5, PM 10 to be 50.51% & 54.6% respectively. We also assess the limitations of purifiers and potential health benefits associated with its use.

Conclusion: Air cleaners (with HEPA filters) placed in the room chamber effectively reduced the PM concentration to a large extent. Still, PM concentrations were much higher than standards prescribed by WHO. More research needs be done in this which will help the policymakers and Implementing Agencies to Formulate benchmark limits.

Challenge in Environmental Health: A Cholera Case Report from Rural Assam

2024-01-03T10:44:50+00:00

Introduction: Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by consumption of contaminated food or water with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and is an extremely virulent disease. Cholera is transmitted via feco-oral routes. Cholera remains a global threat to public health as it causes frequent outbreaks globally and serves as an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. Inadequate access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene services plays an important role in transmission of cholera. The current study aims to investigate a case of Acute Diarrhoeal Disease in Dibrugarh
district of Assam.
Materials and Methods: Rapid outbreak investigation of the acute diarrhoeal disease was carried out following hospitalization of the case in a tertiary care hospital of Dibrugarh, Assam to confirm the outbreak and delineate measures to control it.
Results: The patient aged 5 months and 20 days resident of Dibrugarh was presented to Paediatrics department of a tertiary care hospital on June 4, 2023 with symptoms of fever, cough, acute watery diarrhoea, vomiting with signs of dehydration. Microbiological investigation showed stool sample positive for Vibrio cholerae serotype Ogawa. Water sample analysis report (Most Probable Number Test) interpretated as Class 4 that is unsatisfactory for drinking purpose. On field investigation no similar cases reported neither from the family nor the community. Water sanitation and hygiene practices in the family were found to be sub-optimal.
Conclusion: This case report demonstrated Vibrio cholerae infection in a 5 months 20 days old infant with symptoms of profuse watery diarrhoea, fever and vomiting leading to some dehydration. There is a need to improve the water, sanitation and hygiene practices in the community.

An Environmental Health Impact Assessment (EHIA) of Ambient Air Quality in India: A Systematic Review

2024-01-03T10:54:20+00:00

Introduction: The changing scenario of Globalization has been successful in bringing about great climatic barriers and pollutants are also one among them. According to the World Health organization, air pollution has been responsible for 6.7 million/year pre-mature deaths worldwide. The deteriorating air quality has been responsible for various chronic co-morbid conditions and deaths. This systematic review critically examines the existing body of research on air quality in India, with a focus on its environmental impact. India, as one of the fastest-growing economies, grapples with severe air pollution and threats to public health and environment.
Material and Methods: A systematic search was conducted in reputable academic databases, including but not limited to PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and government repositories. The search strategy used includes keywords such as “air quality,” “India,” “environmental impact,” and specific pollutants (e.g., PM2.5, NO2), health impact terms like “co-morbidities”, “multi-morbidities” and others. Titles and abstracts were screened independently by two reviewers to identify potentially eligible studies with consultation of the third reviewer. This study includes articles between 2019 and 2023. The quality and reliability of data sources were evaluated to ensure consistency and validity. Inclusion criteria: All original articles, peer-reviewed articles, government reports and international assessment published between the study period was included. Exclusion criteria: All reviews, meta-analyses, expert opinions, animal studies, and studies related to cells and tissues.
Results: Among 3408 studies screened, 220 original articles satisfied the inclusion criteria and 22 studies were finally included. The majority of the Studies were carried out by researchers from institutions in China, the US, the UK, and Italy. The most commonly investigated health outcome type was respiratory illnesses (mainly asthma and COPD), followed by cardiovascular outcomes (mainly stroke). An IAP framework for EHIA has been developed which is based upon the findings from the study.
Conclusion: This study gives us a detailed account of Health and environmental interdependencies. The purpose of this study is to provide an idea of a conceptual framework based on the systematic review conducted which will enable policy experts to develop the conceptual framework into a mitigation strategy.

Study of Temporal Variation of Serum Heavy Metal and Biomarker Level among adults During Pre and Post-Diwali in Delhi

2024-01-03T11:09:04+00:00

Introduction: The national capital of India, New Delhi is among the most polluted cities in the world regarding Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5 and 10. The city becomes more vulnerable during the early winters in the October-November period due to geological phenomena of temperature inversion of air, burning of firecrackers during Diwali, crop burning in the neighbouring states apart from the perennial issue of vehicular, factory emission and dust from construction. Firecracker burning poses an additional challenge of heavy metal pollution. Pollution causes local and systemic health problems.
Material and Methods: A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on adults from various pockets of Delhi in two phases in October, 2022. The participants were investigated for their serum heavy metal levels before and after the Diwali festival.
Results: A total of 54 and 52 participants were investigated for serum heavy metal level pre and post-Diwali. Their mean serum heavy metal level pre- and post-Diwali (ug/dl) are as follows: Arsenic (1.1 & 1.3, p-value: 0.06), Cadmium(0.6 & 0.7, p-value: 0.2), Mercury (0.4 & 0.5, p-value: 0.008), Lead (48.1 & 56.7, p-value: 0.053), Chromium (2.1 & 2.2, p-value: 0.3), Barium (3.0 & 4.3, p-value: 0.2), Cobalt (0.8 & 0.9, p-value: 0.2), Caesium (1.8 & 1.9, p-value: 0.3) and Selenium (154.6 & 318.1, p-value: 0.000). A total of 74 and 59 participants were investigated for serum IL-6 level pre- and post-
Diwali (154.7 & 318.1, p-value: 0.0).
Conclusion: There is a significant rise of serum Arsenic, Mercury, Barium, Selenium and IL-6 level among study participants after Diwali. Heavy metal pollutants are inflammatory agents, systemic and environmental toxicants, and carcinogens causing serious health risks.

A Systematic Review of Cohort Studies to Assess the Relationship Between PM 2.5 Levels and Glycemic Markers

2024-01-04T04:42:37+00:00

Introduction: The role of environmental pollution in health systems is ever-evolving and yet to be completely understood. Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), in particular, has become a cause of public health concern due to its impact on morbidity and mortality. The incidence of type 2 diabetes is also rising globally, with several risk factors attributed to it. A systematic review was conducted to see the effect of PM 2.5 concentrations on mean change in glycemic markers.
Material and Methods: Articles were identified through Cochrane database, EMBASE, Google Scholar and PubMed, and relevant reference lists. Keywords such as Particulate matter, PM 2.5, air pollutants, insulin resistance, impaired glucose resistance, type 2 diabetes, cohort, longitudinal, observational were used. Cohort studies in adults assessing the change in mean FBS and/or mean HbA1c associated with change in mean PM 2.5 concentration were selected in the English language. The data was analysed using CMA (version 4) Software and summary effects were analysed and presented in the form of forest plot.
Results: A total of 755 articles were found using relevant keywords. On the basis of title of the study, 155 articles were included after removing duplicates. After perusing the abstracts, a total of 15 articles were selected based on our selection criteria. Preliminary analysis shows a significant temporal relationship between PM 2.5 and impairment in glycemic markers, the detailed analysis of which is ongoing.
Conclusion: Significant association between PM 2.5 and glycemic marker impairment is noted. Measures to reduce air pollution exposure may have a significant impact on diabetes status.

Exposure to Environmental Pollutants and their Impact on Human Health

2024-01-04T05:00:32+00:00

Air and water have been contaminated by pollutants that are toxic to humans, animals, and plants. Heavy metals such as Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium, Manganese, and Chromium have a high degree of toxicity and are of public health significance. Most heavy metal ions are carcinogens that pose a threat to both human health and ecological balance. They are systemic toxicants that are known to induce multiple organ damage, even at a lower level of exposure can lead to diseases like Cancer, Asthma, Mental retardation, damage to the nervous system, and physical and muscle weakness. Various instruments were used to analyze the presence of heavy metals in air and water , such as Inductive coupled plasma mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Spectrophotometry, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Atomic Absorption spectrometry (AAS), etc.In the present work , the effects of some heavy metals, i.e. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium, and nickel, on the environment and living organisms, mainly human beings were reviewed. The primary way in which heavy metal toxicity operates involves the production of free radicals, leading to oxidative stress and harm to essential biological components like enzymes, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Additionally, it can lead to DNA damage, which plays a pivotal role in the development of both cancer and neurotoxic effects. Heavy metal toxicity can manifest as either acute or chronic conditions, with prolonged exposure potentially resulting in organ damage, including the brain, lungs, liver, and kidneys, which can give rise to various diseases in the body. Effective legislation and international cooperation are vital to prevent heavy metal exposure and its adverse effects. Scientific monitoring can play a pivotal role in reducing the occupational and environmental exposure.

Human Exposure to Microplastics and its Health Effects: Epidemiological Evidence

2024-01-04T05:07:38+00:00

Assessment of Airborne Low-Level Phosgene Exposures in Chemical Industries and Health Effects

2024-01-04T05:15:51+00:00

Introduction: Phosgene is a highly reactive chemical widely used to manufacture isocyanates, diisocyanates, chloroformates and carbamyl chlorides. The employees are exposed to low level phosgene exposures during its manufacture, transportation and usage in process industries. Acute phosgene exposure primarily causes pulmonary edema and may result in death. A cross-sectional study has been conducted to evaluate low-level personal exposures and respiratory effects in two chemical process industries
Material and Methods: Phosgene, carbon monoxide and chlorine concentrations were measured using pre-calibrated real-time gas detectors at different process plants during shift work duration. The health study covered 288 workers including study and control group of workers at two chemical industries located at Halol & Valsad in Gujarat, India. The health study included complete clinical examination, PFT and chest radiography of each subject using 300mA equipment. The pulmonary functions of the subjects were evaluated using Spirovit SP- 10 (M/s Schiller AG, Switzerland). The time weighted average concentrations and measured values of phosgene, carbon monoxide and chlorine in two industries have not exceeded the permissible exposure limit as per Indian Factories Act 1948.
Results: The chest radiograph of 18(6.3%) subjects showed finding suggestive of old healed pulmonary tuberculosis while remaining was normal in Industry-1 & 2. The spirometry revealed that 15.5% and 0.5% 7(6.5%) and 2(1.9%) had restrictive and obstructive type of pulmonary function impairment in industry-1 and 2, respectively.
Conclusion: There is a necessity of phosgene scrubbing systems to neutralize accidental phosgene leak in industries as Phosgene is highly toxic to industrial workers may lead to sudden death. The industries were suggested to use realtime gas detectors to measure time weighted average exposures at all work areas and periodic medical examinations with PFT and chest radiography.

Impact of Firecracker Emissions on Heavy Metal and Chemical Levels in Human Urine Samples in Delhi

2024-01-06T09:55:58+00:00

Introduction: India is a large country with huge diversity in cultures, festivals and social events. Burning of firecrackers during festive season is the culprit of a substantial increase in the particle’s pollution in India. During Diwali and winter season, an upward trend of pollutants has been noticed. The major constituents of smog that form from firecracker emissions contain SOx, NOx and significant dust load or particulate matter that may contain the following heavy metals: Pb, Cu, Mg, Sr, Li, Al etc. Heavy metals have harmful effects on human health like Gastrointestinal and kidney dysfunction, nervous system disorders, skin lesions, vascular damage, immune system dysfunction, birth defects, and cancer. Bioaccumulation of these heavy metals leads to a diversity of toxic effects on a variety of body tissues and organs. Heavy metals disrupt cellular events including growth, proliferation, differentiation, damage-repairing processes, apoptosis and genomic instability.
Methodology: After dividing Delhi into four zones, families of these areas were interviewed by using a specifically designed questionnaire considering the respiratory, skin, ear, eye and other relevant symptoms for three days before Diwali and three days after Diwali along with spirometry. Urine samples of 50 subjects were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Samples were collected before Diwali and after Diwali from the same subjects for estimation of seven heavy metals.
Results: Comparison of Metal and Chemical Levels in Urine Samples Before and After Diwali Celebration Lead (150.01 post-Diwali vs 24.52 pre-Diwali), Copper (98.73 vs 24.22) Potassium (86.89 vs 72.94) Aluminium (180.06 vs 96.47) Magnesium (200.49 vs 134.32) Barium (4.49 vs 2.76) and Strontium (147.7 vs 71.59). Chemical estimation from blood samples was also done using ICP-MS for Nitrate, Sulphur, Barium Nitrate, Potassium Nitrate and Barium chromate. Post-Diwali urine samples had abnormally high heavy metals in all zones.This abnormal higher concentration of heavy metals led to increased hospitalization due to burns, eye problems, breathing difficulties and even stroke due to deterioration in air quality index following Diwali.
Conclusion: The study revealed that firecracker use during Diwali celebration caused a significant increase in the levels of heavy metals and chemicals in human urine samples in Delhi. These pollutants can have adverse effects on human health and well-being, such as respiratory, skin, ear, eye and cardiovascular problems. The study suggests that there is a need for more awareness and regulation of firecracker use and emissions in Delhi to protect the environment and public health.

Effectiveness of Multichannel Health Education Health Package on Personal Hygiene Practices of Food Handlers in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Delhi – A Before and after Interventional Study

2024-01-09T12:18:29+00:00

Introduction: Food is a major determinant of health, nutritional status and productivity of the population. Personal hygiene is an important domain of food safety to prevent food borne illnesses. Health education intervention is the one of the most effective tools to improve personal hygiene practices to ensure that food is safe for customers and achieve compliance with food safety requirements.
Material and Methods: This before and after interventional study was conducted among 111 food handlers among food establishments in a tertiary care hospital of Delhi in 2022. Data collection was done using an interview schedule and observational checklist on personal hygiene based on WHO 5 keys and FSSAI guidelines. Health education intervention included health talk using flipchart, audio visual aids and demonstration. Endline assessment was done 2 months after the intervention.
Results: The mean differences of personal hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices were 6.95 ± 0.93 (p=0.046), 2.97 ± 1.29 (p=0.049) and 3.98 ± 0.91 (p=0.007) respectively. Maximum change was seen in practices of keeping nails trimmed (11.7% to 94.6%) and use of head cover/cap (11.7% to 93.7%) while minimum change seen in use of safety shoes/clogs (6.3% to 9%).
Conclusions: The personal hygiene practices of food handlers showed a remarkable improvement after the health
education intervention. Thus, education on food safety in medical institutions should be meticulously planned and held
at regular intervals and in order to achieve the desired change.

High-Altitude Acute Pulmonary Embolism (HA-PE): A Catastrophic Masquerader of High-Altitude Pulmonary Oedema (HAPE)

2024-01-09T12:28:02+00:00

Introduction: One of the rare causes of pulmonary embolism is exposure to high altitude. We present a case of a 51-yearold male without any co-morbidities, who, after traveling to a high-altitude destination, developed acute onset dyspnoea and was labelled as a case of high-altitude pulmonary oedema. Further investigations in our hospital revealed a massive pulmonary embolism. Post thrombolysis, the patient was comfortable. After 48 hours, the patient started to walk at a normal pace without any symptoms and was discharged after seven days.
Material and Methods: Case Presentation
Results: A 51-year-old male patient with complaints of breathlessness on mild exertion for three days. Seven days before, he went to an HA on a pilgrimage to a religious place, which is about 13,000 feet above ground level. The ascent was relatively rapid. Then, while climbing a specific destination on foot, he developed breathlessness and extreme fatigue. He was on nasal oxygen for four to five hours and received IV fluids after that he felt better and was advised to come back. He still had exertional dyspnoea NYHA grade 2, which progressed to NYHA grade 3 at the time of presentation. The patient was immediately admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with the possibility of acute corpulmonale
Conclusion: This case demonstrates an elevated risk of hypercoagulability at HAs that may cause DVT or pulmonary embolism. Compared to lowlanders, fatal pulmonary embolism cases are allegedly highly common among visitors to HAs. Future research should take this clinical paradox into account. Studies in this area are currently largely undefined. Larger subject populations and more INR assessments will result in better and more conclusive findings. For more accurate changes in coagulation parameters, an altitude range might be studied. To prevent loss of life, newer, more dependable early diagnostic techniques and prevention tactics must be developed. Warfarin may not always be necessary; other therapies may be used instead. Understanding the elevated risk of thrombo-embolic disorders at HAs as well as the potential underlying processes will require more research

Health Risk Modeling and Biomarker of Fluorosis in the Fluoride Endemic Village of Maharashtra: A Cross-Sectional Study

2024-01-09T12:33:15+00:00

Introduction: Fluorosis, a debilitating disease, causes dental mottling and bone deformities among other adverse health effects. The current epidemiological study focused on the status and markers of fluorosis in a fluoride endemic village of Maharashtra.
Material and Methods: The research conducted include fluoride determination in all water sources and urine samples, followed by a medical examination of dental and skeletal manifestations of fluorosis. Sampling was conducted annually across all three seasons. Exposure and bone fluoride uptake modeling was performed with estimated daily fluoride ingestion and urinary excretion levels.
Results: The medical examination of subjects showed 96.5% prevalence of dental fluorosis with high community fluorosis index of 1.18, while radiological findings revealed 63.15% prevalence of skeletal fluorosis. Duration of exposure, age of subjects and physiological symptoms like chronic joint pain were found to be significantly correlated with skeletal fluorosis (p<0.05). No significant correlation with dental fluorosis was observed. Fluoride in drinking water showed seasonal variation with highest level in winter (6.54 mg/L) and lowest level in monsoon (0.54 mg/L). Consequently, the mean urinary fluoride concentration was highest in winter (9.37 mg/L) and lowest in monsoon (3.88 mg/L). Health risk assessment using EPA model revealed hazard quotient of 2, indicating high probability of adverse health effects. Multilogit regression demonstrated that subjects excreting urinary fluoride above 4 mg/L had 7.25 times higher odds of having skeletal fluorosis (p<0.05). Exposure and bone fluoride uptake modeling based on estimated daily fluoride ingestion of 9.61 mg and urinary excretion of 7.18 suggested that the predicted mean fluoride concentrations in bone ash of subjects with and without skeletal fluorosis were found to be significantly different (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The comprehensive risk evaluation in the study clearly brings out the high risk of fluoride exposure and
adverse effects in Dongargaon village for the first time. Further, urinary fluoride was shown to be a significant biological
marker for skeletal fluorosis. The study warrants implementation of immediate control measures at the study site. The
fluoride exposure and uptake modeling will help in predicting prospective risk of fluorosis.

Hepatitis B Vaccination after Occupational Exposure among Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Hospital in Delhi

2024-01-09T14:26:54+00:00

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a bloodborne virus which can be transmitted via percutaneous and mucocutaneous
exposure to infected body fluid. Healthcare workers (HCWs) who are continuously exposed to different body fluids are
at an increased risk of contracting and transmitting this virus. It is thus important to evaluate and highlight: Knowledge
of post-exposure management strategies and first aid following exposure to blood and bodily fluids, Prevalence of
Hepatitis B infection among HCWs, Hepatitis B vaccination rates and post-exposure prophylaxis, Post-vaccine immune
status of HCWs.
Material and Methods: An Observational, Individual Based, Cross-sectional Survey was carried out in a tertiary care
teaching hospital in india. Stratified Sampling technique was utilized to select participants.
Results: Only 59% of the respondents got their Hepatitis B titres measured after 2 months of vaccination. 41% did not
get their anti-Hbs titres measured post-immunisation. Alarmingly, 23% did not even know that anti-Hbs titres are to be
measured. It was disturbing to note that 21% still capped needles with both hands and were unaware about safe capping
techniques like One-Hand Scoop Technique. On being asked first aid measures to be administered to contaminated
percutaneous needle/sharp injury, 25% wrongly advised that the site will be washed with alcohol. 3.9% even disclosed
that they have poured sodium hypochlorite on sites where they have been pricked with a contaminated needle. Perhaps
the most shocking revelation that highlighted the dire need for postexposure first-aid came when respondents agreed
that mouth splashed with blood/bodily fluids should be rinsed with soapy water (11.8%) repeatedly, rinsed with alcohol
based disinfectant (13.2%).
Conclusion: Majority of the study respondents did not demonstrate a satisfactory level of awareness and attitude
regarding Hepatitis B transmission and prevention. 89.5% doctors stated that they did not undergo post-exposure
prophylaxis in the form of Hepatitis B Vaccination.

Determinants of Health Hazards on Body Fluid Exposure among Healthcare Care Workers in a Tertiary Care Hospital

2024-01-09T14:32:02+00:00

Introduction: Health care workers, invariably get exposed to blood and body fluids (BBF) of patients. The outcome of
exposure to these bodily fluids is worsened due to their inexperience and lack of knowledge on the pathogenic organisms.
The resultant three important infections in the health care setting are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis
B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV).
Material and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among healthcare workers. Data were
collected by oral questionnaire.
Results: The majority of exposures occurred while working in surgery (n = 50, 27.5%), obstetrics and gynecology (n =
49, 26.9%), and internal medicine (n = 48, 26.4%) departments. In-service training on the work hazards was attended
by 20% of them. Vaccination against hep B was taken by 30%. The majority of exposures were acquired during work
and when subjects were working > 12h continuously (n = 101, 55.5%). Universal safety precaution was followed by 20
% of the study participants .80% of them washed the exposure site with soap and water. Only 33% of exposures were
reported within 24 hours of the incident.
Conclusion: The prevalence of body fluid exposure was reported to be high among healthcare workers but only a
few were aware of the health hazards of body fluid exposure and followed the universal safety precautions. Proper
knowledge and awareness are to be created at all levels to prevent such hazards.

Assessment of Implementation of The Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis Programme in Hospitals, Delhi

2024-01-09T14:37:02+00:00

Introduction: Annually 2.2 Lakh patients of End-Stage Renal Disease are added in India leading to demand of 3.4 Crore
dialysis. To make Renal-care services affordable to APL and free to the BPL, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare launched
Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis Programme (PMNDP) in Public Private Partnership mode in 2016. Aim of study is to
assess the Implementation of PMNDP.
Material and Methods: The study was conducted in 4 randomly selected Hospitals in Delhi. In total, 170 respondents
(enrolled in Dialysis Units) were interviewed. In depth Interviews of the healthcare providers and secondary data
collection was done.
Results: The 4 dialysis centres became functional during 2018-21 with 35 Haemodialysis-machines providing services to
200 patients on an average. 40 Haemodialysis sessions were conducted daily in one centre with fixed days and timings for
patients. Waiting time is less than one hour. Majority of respondents were BPL card holders, with no permanent source
of income. More than half were uneducated or below metric. Majority of respondents are found to have significant
improvement in quality of life. Majority of the beneficiaries came to know about this programme after multiple hospitalvisits.
3 hospitals didn’t have sign-boards mentioning dialysis programme. No healthcare-worker generated awareness
in community. Dialysis centres are not being fully utilized for want of technicians, patients. For 100 % of beneficiaries
one reprocessed dialyzer is being used on average 10 times. 3 Hospitals didn’t have blood transfusion facilities for
beneficiaries of this Programme. 70 % beneficiaries paid 3500 monthly medicine cost on average. More than half
beneficiaries paid 14000 on average for vascular access placement. 45 % patients/attendants suffered monthly wage
loss 12,000 on average.
Conclusion: Spread of awareness through IEC BCC is required in the community. Re-use of the dialyzer should not
compromise the quality. None of the dialysis units had nephrologists at the time of dialysis for effective monitoring and
to deal with any exigencies. Beneficiary travels on an average 15 km to reach Dialysis Centre. Hence, Dialysis centres
with in 5 km radius with sample collection, free medicines blood transfusion facilities are required.

Metabolic Syndrome in Shift Workers of a Hospital Emergency

2024-01-09T14:42:11+00:00

Perceptions and Practices of the Management of E-Waste among the adult Population of Delhi

2024-01-09T14:49:07+00:00

Introduction: In the last decade, the world has seen a swift upgrade in technologies, be it software or networks. This,
in combination with the more than ever-competitive electronic market in India, the general population is exposed to
affordable electronic devices available in different ranges. Young adults, in particular, are one of the largest consumers
of electronic gadgets in the contemporary world. This has led to frequent changes in gadgets, thus the production of
more electronic or E-waste. With no proper plan for waste disposal, our country faces serious environmental and health
impacts due to the generation of e-waste. This study aims to assess the level of awareness about the impact of e-waste
on health and the environment among the adult population in Delhi.
Material and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study will be conducted among the adult population in the
urban slums of Delhi, Central Delhi, and Gokalpuri over a six-month period. The sample size was calculated to be 308
with the estimated SD as 12.8 (from a previous study), level of alpha error as 0.05, and allowable error for mean as ±3.
Ethical clearance was sought from the Institutional Ethics Committee.
Results: The study is in progress. Preliminary analysis of 50 participants (27 males, 23 females) showed that all the
participants were using mobile phones, while no participants were currently using radio. About 60% of the study
participants owned mobile phones for 3 years or more, and the main reason for disposing of the old mobile phone
was attributed to battery-related issues. The majority of study participants (80%) had a positive perception of e-waste
disposal. Male gender, higher education, and skilled workers were found significantly associated with good knowledge
and positive perception toward e-waste management.
Conclusion: There is a need to sensitize the public to the disposal of e-waste practices, ill effects of e-waste, legislation,
and laws on e-waste to the population.

Evaluating the Implementation of Government Schemes and Policies for Communities Living in and Around Mining Areas: A Situational Analysis

2024-01-09T14:54:17+00:00

Introduction: Mining is one of the most hazardous occupations. There are many legislation that governs the mining
sector in India. Also, various schemes and policies are in place for the mining community including Rajasthan Policy on
Pneumoconiosis. This study was to planned to perform a situational analysis in implementation of the Government
schemes and policies for such communities.
Material and Methods: It was a qualitative study which included taking up of in-depth interviews and focus group
discussion of inhabitants in and around mines of Jodhpur district and key-informant interviews of stakeholders including
healthcare providers, NGOs working in mining areas and other administrative stake holders in the district.
Results: Situational analysis was done under SWOT Analysis depicting various strengths and concerns with respect to
the government schemes and policies. It will be discussed in detail during the conference.
Conclusion: The situational analysis revealed the ground reality of government schemes and policies as well as the
issues pertaining to implementation and disbursement.

A Study of Summer Related Health Problems among School Children in a Rural Area in Maharashtra

2024-01-09T15:00:47+00:00

Introduction: In comparison to adults, children are more susceptible to climatic and environmental shocks due to a
variety of factors, including physical and physiological vulnerability and a higher chance of mortality.
Material and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural area among school students. The
study subjects were selected by random sampling method. General examination of children was carried out and data
was collected using a pre – tested questionnaire. The data is analyzed with the help of suitable statistical methods.
Results: 420 students participated in the study. 42% of students spend more than an hour in the sun. 94% of the
students do not use any sun protective measures while going out. 25(6%) students had skin problems related to sun
exposure.70% of students consumed only water less than or equal to 2 Liters in a day.66 (16%) had experienced health
problems related to summer including urinary tract infection, conjunctivitis and skin rashes.
Conclusion: The harmful impacts of hot climate include everything from minor illnesses to fatalities. However, fortunately,
most of these can be prevented by taking basic precautions like using sun protection measures and staying well hydrated.

A Study on Knowledge and Practices of Water and Sanitary Hygiene among Preschool Children and their Mothers in an Urban Slum Area

2024-01-09T15:05:28+00:00

Introduction: Public health continues to be greatly impacted by WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene). The potential
risk of spreading infectious diseases like cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, and numerous other water-related illnesses has
been associated with inadequate hygiene practices, poor sanitation, and lack of access to safe water. Unsafe water,
sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practises can have4 fatal effects on children. Due to lack of adequate WASH services,
almost 700 children under the age of five pass away from diarrheal illnesses every day globally.
Material and methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in one of the localities under the catchment
area of the urban health training center of a medical college in Maharashtra. All the children in the age group of 3-6
years in the locality were included with complete enumeration. The sociodemographic details, household details and
knowledge and practices of mothers and children on hygiene were recorded using a pre-tested questionnaire. Data
was analysed using MS-EXCEL spreadsheet and suitable statistical methods.
Results: There were 385 study participants in total.96% were having household tap as source of drinking water. 42 %
were practicing boiling & 52% filtering for water purification before consumption.6% did not follow any purification
methods.81.3% had in house latrine facility and 18.7 % were relying on public toilets. A very good percentage (>80%)
of mothers check the hygiene practices of children before and after eating and after toilet.
Conclusion: The knowledge of mothers on water and sanitary hygiene was good and their practices of hygiene were fair.

The Preference for and Perception about Toilet Seat among Residents of Urban Resettlement Colony of Delhi

2024-01-09T15:11:10+00:00

Introduction: Sanitation is a basic necessity in the modern world. It has also been declared as a basic human right by
the United Nations General Assembly. Investment in sanitation also brings high returns. However, a research gap has
been observed regarding sanitation practices in urban slums in India. Lack of available space makes it difficult to build
or maintain toilets in rapidly growing, unplanned urban slums.
Material and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was done in Gokalpuri urban slum of Delhi. Systematic
random sampling was used to select houses in the area. The study participants were selected via lottery method.
After explaining the purpose of study and taking their consent, they were enrolled in the study. The participants were
interviewed using a semi-structured and pre-tested questionnaire.
Results: Amongst a total of 150 adult study subjects there were 87 (58%) males and 63 (42%) females. A total of 82%
participants were using the Indian type of toilet seat. Majority (71%) of the participants were aware about the benefits
of Indian toilet seat and squatting position while defecating eg. healthy bowel movement. Out of the remaining 27
participants, majority (19) didn’t have a personal toilet seat.
Conclusion: The study subjects have a preference for the Indian toilet seat. About 10% participants expressed the opinion
that it was difficult to maintain sanitation of toilets while being shared by multiple persons.

Occupational Health Risk and Safety Related Practices among Industry Workers in Jodhpur

2024-01-09T15:19:29+00:00

Introduction: Jodhpur is one of the important industrial cities with numerous big, medium and small-scale industries.
Through some personal visits, observations and literature search it was found that there is a potential gap in the
evidence regarding the Occupational Safety practices and health status of industrial workers. So, this study was
planned to assess the health status and Occupational Health Risk and Safety Related Practices of Industry Workers in
Jodhpur.
Material and Methods: Cross Sectional Study among Industrial workers of registered industries in Jodhpur. Four
different kinds of industries were selected. The employer as well as the workers who were present at the time of
visit were interviewed and relevant records were examined. The environmental and working conditions were noted.
Results: Incident reports, health surveillance records, and sickness absence reports were not maintained in any of
the industries visited. In all of the industries visited, parts of the working areas were either excessively hot/cold
or humid, but with good ventilation. 97% of workers in the study were male and around 44% of the workers were
migrated from other states. Major physical complaints reported by the workers were skin and musculoskeletal
system related. Majority of the industries had disease carrying insects or rodents but only one of them had pest
control measures in place.
Conclusion: There are deficits in Occupational Safety practices followed in industries to reduce the accident risk and
improve health status of industrial workers. There is urgent need for strong and proper implementation of industrial
regulations.

Does Occupation Affect Prolonged Labor Pain? A National Study of Women in India

2024-01-09T15:24:56+00:00

Childbirth is a transformative experience in a woman’s life, marked by both joy and pain. Labor pain is
a common and expected part of the childbirth process. However, the duration and intensity of labor pain can vary
among women. Prolonged labor pain, in particular, can be a challenging aspect of childbirth. This study aims to identify
whether there is any association between a woman’s occupation and prolonged labor pain in the context of India, a
diverse nation with a wide range of occupations and healthcare practices.
Material and Methods: The current study used National Family Health Survey 5 data from all over India, reproductive
age (15-49 years) encompassing 176,385 women from different occupational categories, socio-economic backgrounds,
and geographical locations. Data on labor pain duration and intensity, as well as factors such as age, education, socioeconomic
status, religion, and wealth index were collected through structured interviews, medical records, and selfreporting.
Cross tabulation, chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression were used for analysis.
Results: 40.5% of women reported prolonged labor pain. Among them majority (38.8%), minority (0.4%) belongs to
25-29 and 45-49 age group respectively. 78.6% of rural and 21.4% of urban women experienced prolonged labor pain.
Women having secondary education reported highest rate of prolonged pain (53.8%), while those with primary education
had the lowest rate (12%). Hindus experienced a higher rate of prolonged labor pain (76.2%) compared to Muslims
(13.3%). The wealth index, showed that poorer women had the highest rate of prolonged labor pain (22.8%), while
the richest experienced lowest rate (15.1%). Though cross tabulation explored that non-working women experienced
highest percentage (73.3%), while women in clerical 2 occupations reported the least pain (0.4%), but logistic regression
revealed certain occupations 1. Professional/ technical/ managerial (adj OR: 1.851, CI: 1.210-2.832), 2. Sales (adj OR:
1.412, CI: 1.198-1.664) and 3. Services/ household and domestic (adj OR: 1.204, CI: 1.118-1.297) more likely experienced
prolong labor pain than women who are nonworking.
Conclusion: Study revealed prolong labor pain associated with occupation. Policy maker can consider the current
findings for better preventive planning. The factors associated with prolong labor pain identified in the study should
be considered with appropriate weightage.

Prevalence of Respiratory and Allergic Symptoms among Auto Rickshaw Drivers of East Delhi: A Cross-Sectional Study

2024-01-09T15:29:00+00:00

Introduction: There is a rapid increase in air pollution in major cities of India with marked increase seen in past decade.
It causes minor and major illnesses such as respiratory illnesses and infections, allergies, Obstructive and Restrictive
Pulmonary Diseases (like COPD), Cardiovascular Diseases, Cerebrovascular Diseases and so on leading to significant
mortality and morbidity. Auto rickshaw drivers are subjected to the environmental pollutants and their ill effects. Current
study was done with the objective of finding the prevalence of acute respiratory and allergic symptoms among them.
Material and Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in 2019 in Kalyanpuri circle of East Delhi
in 409 auto rickshaw drivers in a total of ten Three-Seater Rickshaw (TSR) stands which were chosen by simple random
sampling. Consecutive auto rickshaw drivers were chosen from each stand. Data was collected using a questionnaire
for accessing socio-demographic characteristics and respiratory and allergic symptoms and spirometry was conducted
using a handheld portable spirometer. Data analysis was done on SPSS version 22.
Results: All the study subjects were males with mean age of study subjects was 39±7.54 years (Age group 22 to 59 years).
The prevalence of one or more respiratory symptoms and allergies was 36.4 % with chest tightness and shortness of
breath was predominant among them.
Conclusion: The prevalence of acute respiratory and allergic symptoms was found to be higher among the study subjects.
Long term sequelae such obstructive respiratory conditions usually occur in such individuals warranting a need for
preventive and promotive measures for the same.

Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences with Resilience and Burnout among Working Adults in Delhi

2024-01-09T15:33:38+00:00

Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences can be highly impactful in functioning of an individual during the later
developmental stages. Previous research work emphasizes the significant association of adverse childhood experiences
on psychological well-being of an individual. The aim of this study is to understand the association between Adverse
Childhood Experiences with Resilience and Burnout among working adults in Delhi.
Material and Methods: Convenient sampling was used for the data collection from (N=) 50 working professionals both
male and female in the age range of 25 to 35 years with minimum 2 years of work engagement. Adverse Childhood
Experiences International Questionnaire (WHO, 2021), Brief Resilience Scale-6 (Smith et al., 2008), Copenhagen Burnout
Inventory (Kristensen et al., 2005) was used in the present correlational study.
Results: The findings highlight there is a significant positive association of Adverse Childhood experiences and Resilience
of r= +0.491(p>0.01). A significant negative association was found between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Burnout
where r= -0.387(p>0.01). This shows that individuals with high ACEs will have higher resilience and less burnout.
Conclusion: This study focuses on the scope to explore the positive factors that moderates the occupational functioning
of an individual who has undergone challenges and adversities in childhood. Future researchers and policy makers
can explore resilience based intervention strategies to empower individuals with high adverse childhood experiences
towards better professional wellbeing.

Musculoskeletal Disorders and its Associate factors among Laundry Workers: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

2024-01-09T15:38:52+00:00

The Prevalence and Pattern of Self-Reported Musculoskeletal Disorders in Construction Workers in Delhi

2024-01-09T15:42:36+00:00

Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorder is the single largest cause of morbidities among construction workers. The
objective of this study was to research the prevalence and pattern of self-reported musculoskeletal disorders in
construction workers.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 462 construction workers residing in Delhi using
a validated pre-tested Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ).
Results: (74.4%) workers reported musculoskeletal disorder mostly of lower back pain (68.3%) and upper back pain
(63.3%). Nearly one-third (30.2%) of workers reported hindrance in routine and leisure work due to musculoskeletal
disorder. Nearly one-fourth (26.7%) of the study subjects were suffering from MSD sought treatment for the same.
Nearly (7.5%) of the study subjects have reported suffering from acute musculoskeletal disorder in the last 7 days.
Conclusion: The findings of this study contributed to improve the overall health and well-being of construction workers
by tailoring interventions based on sociodemographic studies. Research unveiled that most of construction workers
were suffering from musculoskeletal disorders. Employers and higher authorities should accept the concept of level of
prevention through ergonomics, work design, organizational development, workers training and counseling, pre-placement
and periodic examination, and enhanced occupational health services to reduce the worksite musculoskeletal disorders.

Perceptions and Practices of the Management of e-Waste among the Scrape-Dealers of Delhi

2024-01-09T15:48:25+00:00

Introduction: In the last decade, the world has seen a swift upgradation in technologies, be it software or network. This,
in combination with the more than ever-competitive electronic market in India, the general population is exposed to
affordable electronic devices available in different ranges. Young adults, in particular, are one of the largest consumers
of electronic gadgets in the contemporary world. This has led to frequent changes in gadgets, thus the production of
more electronic or E-waste. With no proper plan for waste disposal, our country faces serious environmental and health
impacts due to the generation of e-waste. This study aims to assess the level of awareness about the impact of e-waste
on health and environment among the scrape dealers in Delhi.
Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study being conducted in the urban slums of Delhi, Slums in Central
Delhi and Gokalpuri slum, over a period of six months among the scrape dealers residing in the slums of Central Delhi
and Gokalpuri since the last six months. Sample size was calculated to be of 30 with the estimated SD as 12.8 (from
a previous study), level of alpha error as 0.05, and allowable error for mean as ±3. Ethical clearance was sought from
the institutional ethics committee.
Results: The study is in progress. Preliminary analysis of 10 participants (10 males) showed that all the participants
had suffered injuries due to sharp or pricking objects. 80 % consumed tobacco while 30% consumed both alcohol and
tobacco. Majority 60% participants worked for 5 hours a day, 6 days a week. None of the scrap dealers were found
using any type safety equipments. The majority of study participants (80%) had a poor perception of e-waste disposal.
Conslusion: There is a need for those in authority to pay special attention to sensitizing the scrape dealers to the disposal
of e-waste practices, ill effects of e-waste, segregation at collection sites, legislation, and laws on e-waste.

Probing the Paint: An Examination of Particle Deposition on Soft Contact Lenses On the Eyes

2024-01-09T15:53:36+00:00

Policy Interventions, People’s Perception and Land use alterations: Implications of Direct Drivers of Change on the Water Quality Status of Upper and Middle Ganga

2024-01-09T15:59:07+00:00

Introduction: River Ganga holds significant importance in India’s religious, socio-cultural, and utilitarian spheres.
Unfortunately, due to overuse and pollution resulting from various human activities along its course, the river’s
ecosystem services have declined, and it is facing severe threat. The study addresses potential factors responsible for
water quality changes in River Ganga.
Methods & Materials: A socio-economic survey of 400 respondents was conducted to acquire insights into individuals’
perceptions regarding the changing river quality trends and identify the major stressors. Efforts have been made to
improve the quality of the river through various policy interventions such as the Ganga Action Plan and the ‘Namami
Gange’ program, that have shown improvement in parameters of DO, BOD, and coliform count at multiple locations
Results & Conclusion: Coliform concentrations in some areas exceed permissible limits. The land use land cover map
generated, after NMCG initiatives focused on changes observed before (2005-2006) and after the implementation of
the Namami Gange Programme (2017-18) indicating notable shifts in agricultural land to built-up areas due to urban
expansion and the transformation of barren land to forested areas in response to afforestation initiatives. Proactive
approaches along with the enhancement of the treatment capacity of STPs can restore the river to its former glory.

Outbreak Investigation of Suspected Cases of Measles in 2 Tea-Garden Areas of Dibrugarh District

2024-01-09T16:03:21+00:00

Introduction: Measles is a vaccine-preventable contagious disease. Tea garden workers are a special group of migrant
population for carrying out mainly tea plucking activities in agroindustry facing the burden of both communicable and
non-communicable diseases mainly due to compromised living conditions. The present study was done to investigate
an outbreak of fever and rash in Sessa and Romai Tea estate of Dibrugarh District of Assam.
Material and Methods: A suspected case of measles is defined as an illness in a patient with fever and generalized
maculopapular (non-vesicular) rash, or in a patient whom a healthcare worker suspects has measles. Following a case
of fever with rash reported at Paediatric OPD of AMCH on 14/09/2023 from Romai Tea-estate and death of an 11-year
girl with similar symptoms in Sessa Tea estate, an outbreak investigation was done in Sessa and Romai Tea estate.
Cases were interviewed by house-to-house survey and line listing done using W.H.O developed standard outbreak
investigation formats. Samples of blood and throat swabs collected and sent for analysis.
Results: Among 25 suspected cases (19 and 6 cases from Romai and Sessa Tea estates respectively), 68% were females,
and 32% males. Under-five years old were mostly affected (92%) and 8 % were less than 9 months age. Of the 4 samples,
2(50%) confirmed IgM positive for measles in Romai, and all 5(100%) positive for chickenpox in Sessa Tea estate. Case
fatality rate is 4%. All are vaccinated. Vitamin A and symptomatic treatment given to all suspects.
Conclusion: There is a need to address other determinants of communicable diseases like poor living conditions along
with improved quality of vaccination services through better supportive supervision, cold chain maintenance, and
strengthened surveillance system to prevent such morbidities and mortalities. Outbreak response immunization covering
infants between 6th to 9th months can be made mandatory.

Occupational Health Hazards in Anaesthesia

2024-01-09T16:07:28+00:00

Introduction: Anaesthesia and Critical Care is a branch of medical science with workspace areas including Operation
Theatres and Intensive care units. Both the places expose the doctors as well as the technicians to various physical,
chemical, biological and ergonomical health hazards.
Objective: To create awareness about the various occupational health hazards in Anaesthesia.
Methodology: Pubmed and Google Scholar were explored for the literature articles using terms relevant for the study.
Out of a total of 117 articles, 68 were found to be relevant. Inclusion criteria were: studies published in English, conducted
in the last 10 years (2013-2023) and freely available. A total of 14 studies were used for this study.
Result: Physical stress includes lightings of the theatre, noise, temperature, radiations whereas chemical factors include
exposure to latex and inhalational gases which are known to be a risk factor for certain diseases. These are also known to
cause teratogenic effects on the foetus if a pregnant female is exposed for a long period of time. Surgeons, anaesthetists
and technical and nursing staff are all under risk of infections due to blood spillages and cross contamination and improper
waste management. Moreover, Intensive care units add on to the risk of getting severe infections from patients in the
ICU with low immunity and acting as a reservoir of rare and severe infections. Both the Operation theatres as well as
the ICU conditions requires the anaesthetist and intensivist to be on toes for any emergency whatsoever and thus pose
a risk for diseases like varicose veins, chronic occupational stress.
Conclusion: Anaesthetist and Technical staff along with surgeons and nursing staff are exposed to a wide variety of health
hazards. With the development of newer innovations and precautionary measures the risk can be reduced extensively.

CBRN Decontamination: Current Trends and Future Perspectives”

2024-01-09T16:17:12+00:00

With the advancement of technology threats from toxic Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) agents
have increased. These agents are used in chemical industries, medical facilities, agriculture, research laboratories, etc.
Biological agents are naturally present in the environment. The agents can be used intentionally or accidental exposure
can occur at workplace.Dermal contamination with CBRN agents can occur in any form such as of powder, dust, liquid,
or gases. They get deposited on the exposed skin of the victims from where they may penetrate into blood circulation
causing toxic effects. Recent health crisis caused by coronavirus disease (COVID) 2019 has shown us importance of the
dermal decontamination.Apart from these chemical attack in Syria and Tokyo subway, Fukushima nuclear catastrophe
has proved us urgency of development of CBRN dermal decontamination formulations.So far now there are individual
formulations for the individual decontamination of the CBRN agents. There is the huge requirement of the compatible
safe pharmaceutical formulations for dermal decontamination. The Personal Decontamination Kit (PDK), RSDL, M291
kit, Shudhika and Remocon are few examples of the dermal decontamination formulations targeting the individual
contaminants which widely cover the chemical warfare agents and radionuclides. Still there is the lack of the single
pharmaceutical formulation capable to remove the CBRN contaminant from skin.We had optimized and prepared the
dermal formulations for CBRN decontamination and evaluated its efficacy against various contaminants of interest.
Since the formulation is to be used topically on skin, studies on skin permeation, penetration and interaction were
carried out to ascertain formulation mechanism and safety. The future work can involve research on the herbal based
dermal decontamination formulations.