Preclinical Evaluation of Neuroprotective Activity of Piper nigrum L. in Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Induced Oxidative Stress
Abstract
Introduction: Stroke is a potentially fatal condition that is defined by the fast development of clinical symptoms of ischemia. Numerous flavonoids have been demonstrated in animal models to ameliorate brain ischemia-reperfusion damage. Piperine is a flavonoid derived from Piper nigrum L. that exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects. The purpose of this research was to determine if Piper nigrum L. has a protective effect against the brain damage caused by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) in rats.
Materials and Methods: The animal study was certified by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) under research project no. RKCP/COI/RP/12/28. Numerous parameters were evaluated to ascertain the extent of oxidative stress and eventual protection of Piper nigrum L. including glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation (LPO), brain protein, and calcium levels in brain homogenate. The preventive effect of P. nigrum was evaluated and compared with quercetin as a standard using histopathology and the region of cerebral infarction.
Results: In our research, we observed a substantial rise in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione, and brain protein levels and a fall in lipid peroxidation and calcium levels in the P. nigrum and quercetin treated groups with the level of significance (p value) less than 0.05, confirming the protective effect against brain injury. Additionally, P. nigrum was shown to provide less protection compared to quercetin.
Conclusion: As a result of these data, we hypothesise that P. nigrum may have a considerable neuroprotective effect in the brain against ischemic/ reperfusion-induced oxidative damage.
How to cite this article:
Raval K, Tirgar P, Patel M, Desai TR. Preclinical Evaluation of Neuroprotective Activity of Piper nigrum L. in Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Induced Oxidative Stress. Chettinad Health City Med J. 2022;11(2):33-40.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2278.2044.202214
References
Stapf C, Mohr JP. Ischemic stroke therapy. Annu Rev Med. 2002;53(1):453-75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Mustoe T. Understanding chronic wounds: a unifying hypothesis on their pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Am J Surg. 2004;187(5):65-70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushnell CD, Culebras A, DeGraba TJ, Gorelick PB, Guyton JR, Hart RG, Howard G, Kelly-Hayes M, Nixon JV, Sacco RL. American Heart Association; American Stroke Association Stroke Council. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: co-sponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(4):716. [Google Scholar]
Chamelee A, Selvamani I, Venkatraman N, Nambi S, Chandraleka GS. A cross sectional study of prevalence of depression among patients with cerebrovascular accident. Int J Res Med Sci. 2019;7(11):4306. [Google Scholar]
Feigin V, Krishnamurthi R. Epidemiology of stroke. In: Norrving B, editor. Oxford textbook of stroke and cerebrovascular disease. Oxford University Press; 2014. p. 1-8. [Google Scholar]
Cherubini A, Polidori MC, Bregnocchi M, Pezzuto S, Cecchetti R, Ingegni T, di Iorio A, Senin U, Mecocci P. Antioxidant profile and early outcome in stroke patients. Stroke. 2000;31(10):2295-300. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Krishnamurthy KS, Kandiannan K, Srinivasan V, Dinesh R, Ankegowda SJ, Thankamani CK, Babu N, Peter KV. Climate change impact and water productivity in black pepper and cardamom. Int J Innov Horti. 2020;9(1):1. [Google Scholar]
Bhat AI, Biju CN, Srinivasan V, Ankegowda SJ, Krishnamurthy KS. Current status of viral diseases affecting black pepper and cardamom. J Spice Arom Crop. 2018;27(1):1-16. [Google Scholar]
Zhang C, Zhao J, Famous E, Pan S, Peng X, Tian J. Antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antifungal activities of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oil. Food Chem. 2021;346:128845. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Emon NU, Alam S, Rudra S, Riya SR, Paul A, Hossen SM, Kulsum U, Ganguly A. Antidepressant, anxiolytic, antipyretic, and thrombolytic profiling of methanol extract of the aerial part of Piper nigrum: in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. Food Sci Nutr. 2021;9(2):833-46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Abou El-Nour MF, Fadladdin Y. Antischistosomal activity of Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, and Coriandrum sativum aqueous plant extracts on hamster infected with Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol Res. 2021;2021:1-21. [Google Scholar]
Zahin M, Bokhari NA, Ahmad I, Husain FM, Althubiani AS, Alruways MW, Perveen K, Shalawi M. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antimutagenic activity of Piper nigrum seeds extracts. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021;28(9):5094-105. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Clark PD, Omo-Udoyo E. A comparative assessment on antioxidant and phytochemical of Trichiliamonadelpha (Thonn) JJ de Wilde (Meliaceae) plant extracts. Chem Sci Int J. 2021:24-33. [Google Scholar]
Everette JD, Bryant QM, Green AM, Abbey YA, Wangila GW, Walker RB. Thorough study of reactivity of various compound classes toward the Folin−Ciocalteu reagent. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(14):8139-44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Shah ZA, Gilani RA, Sharma P, Vohora SB. Cerebroprotective effect of Korean ginseng tea against global and focal models of ischemia in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;101(1-3):299-307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Farbiszewski R, Bielawska A, Szymanska M, Skrzydlewska E. Spermine partially normalizes in vivo antioxidant defense potential in certain brain regions in transiently hypoperfused rat brain. Neurochem Res. 1996;21(12):1497-503. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Prakash T, Kotresha D, Rama Rao N. Cerebro protective activity of Wedelia calendulacea global cerebral ischemia in rats. Acta Biol Hung. 2011;62(4):361-75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951;193(1):265-75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Prabhakar KR, Veerapur VP, Parihar KV, Priyadarsini KI, Rao BS, Unnikrishnan MK. Evaluation and optimization of radioprotective activity of Coronopus didymus Linn. in γ-irradiated mice. Int J Radiat Biol. 2006;82(8):525-36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Sedlak J, Lindsay RH. Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman’s reagent. Anal Biochem. 1968;25:192-205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Misra HP, Fridovich I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem. 1972;247(10):3170-5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Bogomolets BB. CRC handbook of methods for oxygen radical research. Exp Gerontol. 1985;20(6):368. 23. Vijayakumar RS, Nalini N. Piperine, an active principle from Piper nigrum, modulates hormonal and apolipoprotein profiles in hyperlipidemic rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2006;17(2). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Bederson JB, Pitts LH, Germano SM, Nishimura MC, Davis RL, Bartkowski HM. Evaluation of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a stain for detection and quantification of experimental cerebral infarction in rats. Stroke. 1986;17(6):1304-8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Hua S, Liu J, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang X, Dong L, Zhao Y, Fu X. Piperine as a neuroprotective functional component in rats with cerebral ischemic injury. Food Sci Nutr. 2019;7(11):3443-51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Bi Y, Qu PC, Wang QS, Zheng L, Liu HL, Luo R, Chen XQ, Ba YY, Wu X, Yang H. Neuroprotective effects of alkaloids from Piper longum in a MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Pharm Biol. 2015;53(10):1516-24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Hua S, Wang B, Chen R, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Li T, Dong L, Fu X. Neuroprotective effect of dichloromethane extraction from Piper nigrum L. and Piper longum L. on permanent focal cerebral ischemia injury in rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019;28(3):751-60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Isayama K, Pitts LH, Nishimura MC. Evaluation of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining to delineate rat brain infarcts. Stroke. 1991;22(11):1394-8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Stojanović-Radić Z, PejÄić M, Dimitrijević M, Aleksić A, Anil Kumar NV, Salehi B, Cho WC, Shariff-Rad J. Piperine-a major principle of black pepper: a review of its bioactivity and studies. Appl Sci. 2019;9(20):4270.[Google Scholar]
Tasleem F, Azhar I, Ali SN, Perveen S, Mahmood ZA. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Piper nigrum L. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7:S461-8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
